In these same two cases, THC-COOH was detected in blood, urine and VH in one case whereas in the other case THC-COOH was detected in blood and urine only [197]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.026, de Almeida PDV, Grgio AMT, Machado MN, de Lima AAS, Azevedo LR (2008) Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. It consists mainly of water (approximately 99%), proteins, epithelial cells, bacteria, food debris and traces of drugs, composition that differs the oral fluid from the saliva [7,8,9]. A false negative result may be due to instability of some analytes in meconium (e.g., FAEEs, 6-MAM); inappropriately high cut-off concentration; delayed meconium collection (collected sample is transition stool or milk stool); inappropriate analytical targets (analytes not common in urine can improve detection of drug in meconium, e.g., m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine) [110, 123]. For detailed description of the oral fluid collection devices, refer to [15, 20, 21]. Depending on how sweat sample is collected, it can also include secretions generated by the sebaceous glands. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00246-7, Penders J, Verstraete A (2006) Laboratory guidelines and standards in clinical and forensic toxicology. The application of forensic entomotoxicology in investigations of death by poisoning has gained popularity as insects serves as an alternative specimen (evidence) when conventional toxicological samples have degraded or are no longer available. Bioanalysis 8:8588. Meier et al. Forensic Toxicology The .gov means its official. Biomed Chromatogr 22:795821. She has been working in collaboration with different institutes and researchers from Botswana, India, Nepal, South Africa, Syria and United Kingdom. Before Int J Legal Med. BMC Chem 13:106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0627-2(open access article), Mller VV, Hahn RZ, de Lima Feltraco Lizot L, Schneider A, da Silva CP, Gerbase FE, Pereira D, Linden R, Antunes MV (2020) Validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 16 drugs and metabolites in hair in the context of driving license granting. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited. 2011 May 20;208(1-3):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015. Other possible mechanisms are diffusion from sweat (sweat glands) or sebum to the hair as well as environmental contamination (smoke, dust or physical transfer from contaminated hands) [60]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.013, Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, Palestini D, DOvidio C, de Grazia U, Merone GM, Bassotti E, Locatelli M (2020) Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration. J Anal Toxicol 18:298305. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/24.1.59(open access article), Pragst F, Spiegel K, Leuschner U, Hager A (1999) Detection of 6-acetylmorphine in vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluidcomparison with urinary analysis for proving heroin administration in opiate fatalities. Unlike EtG, FAEEs from mother do not across the placenta and thus FAEEs in meconium are produced by the fetus from ethanol that crossed the placenta, reflecting the true fetal alcohol exposure [117]. Cocaine and codeine were the primary analytes found in sweat, after oral administration [82]. In particular, photodegradation of drugs through the formation of free radicals or photosensitization reactions by intermolecular energy transfer can occur when the hair is exposed to sunlight or artificial light for many hours per day [65]. Clin Chem Lab Med 54:427435. The deposition of drugs in hair can be influenced by hairs melanin content (hair color) and ethnic origin; and lipophilicity, polarity and basicity of the parent drug or its metabolites. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.003, Mazarr-Proo S, Kerrigan S (2005) Distribution of GHB in tissues and fluids following a fatal overdose. J Anal Toxicol 41:473483. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.46.4.292(open access article), Fernndez P, Rodrguez P, Bermejo AM, Lpez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A (1994) Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by HPLC. Lower concentrations of ecgonine methyl ester and benzoylecgonine were also detected after 248h and 8h from cocaine administration, respectively [96]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-017-1853-2, DElia V, Montalvo G, Ruiz CG, Ermolenkov VV, Ahmed Y, Lednev IK (2018) Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy for the detection of cocaine in oral fluid. 2020 Nov 19;107(6):50. doi: 10.1007/s00114-020-01707-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks007(open access article), Ishikawa AA, Bordin DM, de Campos EG, Blanes L, Doble P, De Martinis BS (2018) A gas chromatographymass spectrometry method for toxicological analysis of MDA, MDEA and MDMA in vitreous humor samples from victims of car accidents. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 188:338340. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1130, Wyman J, Bultman S (2004) Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/34.6.312(open access article), Fernndez P, Aldonza M, Bouzas A, Lema M, Bermejo AM, Tabernero MJ (2006) GC-FID determination of cocaine and its metabolites in human bile and vitreous humor. J Chromatogr Sci 52:955960. Comprehensive screening of VH (covering a large range of compounds) and comparison to other traditional matrices (e.g. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz076, Saenz SR, Lewis RJ, Angier MK, Wagner JR (2017) Postmortem fluid and tissue concentrations of THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH. Forensic Sci Int 151:139149. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine We searched the database of articles in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology to find references that use XTR tips for solid phase extraction with these other alternative matrices. [27] collected oral fluid to monitor in vivo 49 prohibited substances in sports, including psychoactive drugs, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), heroin, methadone, fentanyl, and strychnine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.039, Bosker WM, Huestis MA (2009) Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Basically, these devices consist of an absorbent cellulose patch (where the substances are deposited), which is adhered to the skin by an adjacent adhesive. El-Ashram S, Toto NA, El Wakil A, Augustyniak M, El-Samad LM. eCollection 2020. J Anal Toxicol 45:348355. Clin Chem 55:19101931. The forensic toxicologist works with pathologists, medical examiners, and coroners to help determine the cause and manner of death. However, factors such as gender, age and physical exercise, may alter this value (which can range from 5.2 to 6.9). Drug Alcohol Depend 187:3539. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2018-0208, Ramos Santos WJJr, De Martinis BS (2020) Psychoactive substances in human breast milk: a review of analytical strategies for their investigation. 2020, Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences. Int J Legal Med. Some studies reported cases of infant cocaine intoxication through breast milk presenting acute effects as agitation and seizures, neonatal abstinence syndrome in cases of opioid intoxication, andsedation and breast sucking difficulty due to exposure to cannabis [145, 146]. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00553-8, Kernallguen A, Enjalbal C, Alvarez J-C, Belgacem O, Lonetti G, Lafitte D, Plissier-Alicot A-L (2018) Synthetic cannabinoid isomers characterization by MALDI-MS3 imaging: application to single scalp hair. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580249903900114, Badakhshan D, Ramezani M (2020) Evaluation and determination of tramadol and methadone in vitreous samples with the aid of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. FOIA Entomotoxicology studies the application of toxicological analysis to carrion-feeding insects in order to identify drugs and toxins present on intoxicated tissues. Clin Microbiol Rev 26:781791. Kirti Sharma. The lack of studies shows the importance of public policies to inform population about the consequences of infants exposed to drugs of abuse through breast milk. Entomotoxicology$ Francesco Intronaa,*, Carlo Pietro Campobassoa, Madison Lee Goffb a Section of Legal Medicine (D.I.M.I.M.P. Epub 2012 Jun 26. J Chromatogr A 1447:4756. Puparial Cases as Toxicological Indicators: Bioaccumulation of Cadmium and Thallium in the Forensically Important Blowfly. Before Trends Analyt Chem 83:7079. In general, VH testing in a forensic toxicology setting does not differ from blood or urine testing and several methods developed for blood/urine testing have been adopted in VH analysis [154]. Anal Bioanal Chem 396:24692477. J Anal Toxicol 42:446458. blood clots, blood from thoracic or abdominal cavities, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, spleen, bile, bone, synovial fluid, bone marrow, maggots, skeletal muscle) can be occasionally collected in particular circumstances, which are detailed below in specific sections [ 2, 3 ]. Entomology (Insecta or Hexapoda)Entomology(from Ancient Greekentomonmeaning 'insect', and-logia, meaning 'study of') is thescientificstudy ofinsects, a branch ofzoology. However, the literature on NPS testing in sweat specimens remains scarcely explored. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.024, Franz T, Scheufler F, Stein K, Uhl M, Dame T, Schwarz G, Sachs H, Skopp G, Musshoff F (2018) Determination of hydroxy metabolites of cocaine from hair samples and comparison with street cocaine samples. J Anal Toxicol 40:703708. While hydrophilic composition represents the largest portion of this fluid, hydrophobic content may consist of less than 1% of sweat fraction, being mainly derived from sebum and apocrine secretion [77]. Melanin has a hydrophobic and acidic nature, which makes this pigment responsible for the affinity of hair to alkaline drugs such as cocaine, codeine and ketamine. Forensic Sci Int 234:e14e20. Forensic entomotoxicology of insects as unconventional toxicological samples. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.029, Swortwood MJ, Newmeyer MN, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA (2017) Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. In postmortem cases, when investigating the presence of drugs consumed by the deceased a long time after death, a hair sample might be the only biological matrix available for the analysis. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. In another study, heroin and its metabolites were confirmed in 78.1% of sweat samples using GCMS. Forensic Entomotoxicology examines the assessment of insects as toxicological samples since they are being used for e matrix for drug identification is well-reported and suggested without conventional matrices for example urine, blood, or internal organs. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physicalchemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely . The system has a collector site, which transfers the sample to strips containing drug-specific antibodies by lateral flow. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.01.002, Bazmi E, Behnoush B, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L (2016) Quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bookshelf This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Forensic entomotoxicology revisited-towards professional standardisation of study designs. Clin Biochem Rev 38:1334 (PMID: 28798503), PubMed Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Most of the existing approaches involves the use of sodium and potassium ions as internal reference for determination of sweating rate [86, 87]. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199306000-00006, Diamant NE (1985) Development of esophageal function. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31, 1675-1684. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.021, Meier SI, Koelzer SC, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Toennes SW (2017) Analysis of drugs of abuse in cerumencorrelation of postmortem analysis results with those for blood, urine and hair. Different patterns or proportional concentrations of the drug or metabolite in meconium may occur among newborns with similar exposure and, even between dizygotic twins. . In 54% of the samples, crack metabolites could also be identified, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester was the substance that was most present in the sample [93]. In this way, the device can stay attached to the skin up to 2weeks [79, 81]. Clin Chem 54:172180. Careers. Forensic Sci Int. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2177, Shokry E, Marques JG, Ragazzo PC, Pereira NZ, Filho NRA (2017) Earwax as an alternative specimen for forensic analysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028824(open access article), Meyer F, Laitano O, Bar-Or O, McDougall D, Heigenhauser GJF (2007) Effect of age and gender on sweat lactate and ammonia concentrations during exercise in the heat. https://doi.org/10.1039/B711409P, Rowe H, Baker T, Hale TW (2013) Maternal medication, drug use, and breastfeeding. The examination of insect evidence for forensic and legal purposes. The utilization of insects as an alternative matrix for drug identification is well-reported and suggested without conventional matrices for example urine, blood, or internal organs. Determination of methylphenidate in Calliphorid larvae by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry--forensic entomotoxicology using an in vivo rat brain model. However, it is believed that the primary mechanism involved in the delivery of substances from bloodstream to sweat occurs through passive diffusion, from adjacent capillaries to the sweat glands. The examination of insect evidence for forensic and legal purposes. J Chil Chem Soc 65:47224725. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate chronic drug use through segmental analysis, in which hair is cut into smaller pieces and analyzed separately [66,67,68], and also to locate and characterize drugs on a single hair sample, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) combined with imaging mass spectrometry [69, 70]. On the other hand, if a drug is likely to bind to proteins, it should not be expected in VH [154]. Epub 2017 May 31. In addition, samples present less complex composition, are easier to be handled and offer less risks of pathogen transmission. Once the test strip is immersed in water, results can be obtained within 38min. Finally, caution must be taken with the choice of the oral fluid sampling device, since it may directly influence the analytical result, and it is a very important variable when standardizing a method and when comparing the results of different laboratories [15]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002(open access article), Ryan SA, Ammerman SD, OConnor ME, Committee on substance use and prevention and section on breastfeeding (2018) Marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: implications for neonatal and childhood outcomes. It is a highly complex matrix consisting mainly of water (7075% of total wet weight) with additional components such as lipids, plasma proteins, tissue debris, enzymes, ions, hemoglobin metabolites (bilirubin and porphyrins), steroids, bile acids, sterols and mucus glycoproteins. Minas Gerais 1889, Araguari, MG 38444-128, Brazil, You can also search for this author in Int J Legal Med 125:181198. However, the improvement in sample preparation methods (such as microextraction techniques), and the advances of analysis procedures (including gas chromatographycoupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS) or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LCMS)) are efficient in reducing the impact of the last issues [8]. Sempio et al. Ther Drug Monit 42:205221. 2010 Successful detection, identification, and quantification of drugs and toxic substances from insects have been demonstrated through various research . Forensic Sci Int 317:110547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110547, iestad ML, Karinen R, Rogde S, Nilsen S, Eldor K-BB, Brochmann G-W, Arnestad M, iestad EL, Peres MD, Kristoffersen L, Vindenes V (2018) Comparative study of postmortem concentrations of antidepressants in several different matrices. ISBN 9788131258101. J Anal Toxicol 34:312318. Reduced body length and morphological disorders in Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae reared on aluminum phosphide-treated rabbits. J Pharm Biomed Anal 172:167174. The adhesive polyurethane layer protects the patch from external contaminations, while allows gas exchanges (CO2, O2, water vapor) with the environment to occur, preventing the skin from being harmed. The collection of cerumen is less invasive than that of other biofluids [223] and the detection window is longer when compared to urine [222]. Forensic Sci Int 210:e7e11. (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) REARED ON RABBIT CARRIONS, The potential of forensic analysis on human bones found in riverine environment, Establishment of PMI through Succession or Presence of Beetle in Forensic Investigation, Malathion extraction from larvae of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for determining death due to malathion, Development and validation of a LC/MS method for the determination of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-carboxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata, A new dipteran forensic indicator in buried bodies, Development of a GC-MS method for methamphetamine detection in< i> Calliphora vomitoria(L.)(Diptera: Calliphoridae), The Effect of Buscopan on the Development of the Blow Fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), EvaluationOfActivitiesOfDipteran maggots on a poisoned cadaver, Developmental Cycle and Growth of Lucilia Cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Fed on Heroin: Implications for Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) Estimation in Forensic Investigations ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT, A preliminary identification of insect successive wave in Egypt on control and zinc phosphide-intoxicated animals in different seasons, Comparative Study of Dipteran Species Diversity and Their Succession on Rabbit Carrion in Two DifferentMangrove Areas of Peninsular Malaysia, DNA degradation and genetic analysis of empty puparia: Genetic identification limits in forensic entomology, ADVANCES IN CRIME INVESTIGATION (FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY, Occurrences of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) on human cadavers in Switzerland, and their importance as forensic indicators, Postmortem Attraction of Sarcosaprophagous Diptera to Tramadol- Treated Rats and Morphometric Aspects of the Developed Larvae E M AbouZied, First Report of Dermestes frischii Kugelann (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on a Human Corpse, South of Iran, first report of Dermestes frischii on human corpse, south of Iran, Social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) on carcasses of Rattus norvegicus (Mammalia: Muridae) in the Central Amazonia, Brazil: possible forensic implications, Involvement of larder beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on human cadavers: a review of 81 forensic cases, Succession pattern of carrion-feeding insects in Paramo, Colombia, Occurrence of Hymenoptera on pig carcasses in a tropical rainforest in Central Amazonia, Brazil, Occurrence, ecological function and medical importance of dermestid beetle hastisetae.

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