First let's look at the general heat transfer equation that would represent the first image above. Fletcher, L. S. (1972) A review of thermal control materials for metallic junctions. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Because of many influential factors, it is difficult to find a general model or computational formula to calculate the TCR of a solid interface. New Age International, 2006, ISBN:9788122417722. |Privacy Policy Continue with Recommended Cookies. The basic formula for temperature drop in a thin layer of material between two parts is given by: Some additional factors which may affect the contact resistance are the direction of the heat flux, surface scratches or cracks, nonuniform loading which causes uneven contact pressure, relative motion or slipping between the surfaces, and the presence of oxides or contaminants on the contacting surfaces. Welcome to SolidWorks Simulation Online Help, Guidelines on Studies with Contact Conditions. Manage Settings Williams. Using the formula from the thermal resistance section, and assuming ambient air temperature is 23C, we can calculate the junction temperature to be: . Due to machining limitations, no two Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. This contact area will lead to a drop in temperature. The force applied to the nominal contact area of the junction provides the apparent contact pressure on the junction. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. Fletcher, L. S. (1988) Recent developments in contact conductance heal transfer. The expected value is either the total resistance (K / W) or distributed resistance per unit area ((K * m) / W) in the SI unit system. [1] According to Fourier's law, the heat flow between the bodies is found by the relation: (1) The following table shows some typical values of the interfacial conductance Assuming a representative value of 15 and the rms current of 600 A, the power loss generated by the current will be I2 * R = 5.4 W. At currents of 2000 A, the same interrupter will have to dissipate 60 W. Fletcher, L. S. (1991) Conduction in solidsImperfect metal-to-metal contacts: Thermal contact resistance, Section 502.5, Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Data Books, Genium Publishing Company, Schenectady, New York. Contact resistance for selected interstitial materials for thermal enhancement or thermal isolation. Temperature distribution across flat and cylindrical contacting solids. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. New Age International, 2006, ISBN:9788122417722. The objective of this article is to illustrate how to calculate the thermal joint resistance for the interface formed by two conforming, rough surfaces shown in Figure 2a, as a function of contact pressure for the low pressure range, between 0.035 and 0.35 Mpa (5 and 50 psi), commonly encountered in microelectronic applications (Latham [3]). Williams. Thank you for your comments. 10.1615/AtoZ.t.thermal_contact_resistance. Interfacial thermal resistance, also known as thermal boundary resistance, or Kapitza resistance, is a measure of resistance to thermal flow at the interface between two materials.While these terms may be used interchangeably, Kapitza resistance technically refers to an atomically perfect, flat interface whereas thermal boundary resistance is a more broad term. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4. The contact resistance is generally greater than when the composite material is in the presence of air or other fluid. ISBN: 978-2759800414. Thermal contact resistance decreases with decreasing surface roughness and increasing interface pressure. So, heat transfer is affected in a negative way on this contact surface. The video helps you to understand themal contact. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Sridhar, M. R. and Yovanovich, M. M. (1993) Critical Review of Elastic and Plastic Contact Conductance Models and Comparison with Experiment, AIAA Paper 93-2776, A1AA Thermophysics Conference, Orlando, Florida, July 69. For optimized display, we suggest upgrading your browser to Internet Explorer 7 or newer. of two conducting media is needed. D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2. You might want to look at some experimental data from various sources available in the literature. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. contact (Qconduction) due to their roughness. An elevated temperature at the junction may also cause plastic and/or elastic deformation of the roughness asperities, especially for softer materials, with an associated increase in the actual contact area and a decrease in the contact resistance. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Thermal Resistance (R-Value) Thermal resistance is the temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat flow rate through a unit area, Km2/W. The conductance hc is similar K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2. The documentation team cannot answer technical support questions. K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4. Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera. If a heat flux is imposed across the junction, the uniform flow of heat is generally restricted to conduction through the contact spots, as shown in Figure1. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. We hope, this article, Thermal Contact Resistance Thermal Contact Conductance, helps you. If there is a significant temperature difference between the surfaces composing the junction, heat exchange by radiation also may occur across the gaps between the contacting surfaces. But because the bottom of the board is also in contact with the air, the surface area is now doubled from 10.08cm^2 to 20.16cm^2. Sridhar, M. R. and Yovanovich, M. M. (1993) Critical Review of Elastic and Plastic Contact Conductance Models and Comparison with Experiment, AIAA Paper 93-2776, A1AA Thermophysics Conference, Orlando, Florida, July 69. Click here for information about technical support, I acknowledge I have read and I hereby accept the. Welcome !!! Thermal contact conductance is the thermal conductivity of the interface between two contacting surfaces and is dependent on the surface roughness, material properties, interface temperature and interface pressure. Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this temperature drop and the average heat flow across the interface. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:978-0412985317, W.S.C. when a satisfactory description of the heat transfer at the interface is the temperature difference across an interface of area A, then the This test is done with a special contact resistance measuring instrument. Thermal Engineering, Copyright 2022 Thermal Engineering | All Rights Reserved |, What is Thermal Resistance - Specific Thermal Resistance - Definition, What is Thermal Resistance - Thermal Resistivity - Definition, What is Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Gases and Liquids Definition, What is Heat Equation Heat Conduction Equation Definition. The inverse of this property is termed thermal contact resistance. The inverse of this property is termed thermal contact resistance. Care must be taken to assure that galvanic corrosion will not occur with the choice of materials for some applications. High junction loads and high temperatures result in low contact resistances, whereas light junction loads and low temperatures lead to high contact resistances. interfaces under vacuum conditions: Thermal Resistance, RthermalX10-4 (m2.K/W), An Temperature distribution across flat and cylindrical contacting solids. The presence of a fluid or solid interstitial medium between the contacting surfaces may contribute to or restrict the heat transfer at the junction, depending upon the thermal conductivity, thickness, and hardness (in the case of a solid) of the interstitial medium. Manage Settings We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. However characterisation of the thermal contact conductance in industrial settings can be difficult as when two materials are fastened together by bolts, screws of rivets the pressure profile at the interface is often non-uniform. Thermal contact conductance is typically determined by measuring the heat flux and temperature change across the interface of two materials while simultaneously maintaining a constant load (pressure) on the two materials. Search 'Thermal Contact Resistance' in the SOLIDWORKS Knowledge Base. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The contact resistance depends on the surface roughness greatly, and the pressure holding the two surfaces together also influences the contact resistance. ISBN: 978-3-319-01276-6. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. To treat the thermal We will contact you if we have questions regarding your feedback. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. Quality of contact resistance relies on contactor's ability to penetrate the insulating surface films and form metal-to-metal contact spots that carry the . If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: In thermal engineering, the thermal contact conductance [W/m2.K] or thermal contact resistance [m2.K/W] represents the heat conduction between two solid bodies. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Heat and Mass Transfer. EDP Sciences, 2008. The thermal resistance of a component indicates how much it can be heated under various loads and how effectively the heat can be removed by using various cooling techniques. Most experimental contact resistance data are obtained using a traditional cut-bar, vertical column test facility in a vacuum or ambient environment over a range of steady-state test conditions. However, the user needs to input the value of the resistance. Heat and Mass Transfer. But in real applications, the perfect contact does not happen. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 110, 4B, 10591070. Using the electrical-thermal Experimental data has shown (refs. depends on the following factors: The surface finish of the contacting faces. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. The use of interstitial or thermal control materials for thermal enhancement or thermal isolation of metallic junctions further effects the contact resistance. For example, a characteristic of a heat sink. Fletcher, L. S. (1972) A review of thermal control materials for metallic junctions, A1AA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 9, 12, 849850. When components are bolted or otherwise pressed together, a knowledge of the thermal performance of such joints are also needed. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. This temperature drop is characterized by the thermal contact conductance coefficient, hc, which is a property indicating the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. In the case of metallic composite material, which is placed in a vacuum, thermal conduction through the contact spots is the primary mode of heat transfer. Thermal Contact Resistance Summary Thermal contact conductance is required to evaluate heat transfer through the interface of two materials and is dependent on a range of material and interface properties. C. P. Kothandaraman. |Get a Quote 18 and 19), and most data in the field are empirical. If the axial force on the contacting surfaces is increased, the surface roughness peaks or asperities may deform plastically or elastically, depending upon the material properties, leading to increased contact area and decreased contact resistance. rate of heat transfer Q is given by Q = A hc The pressure holding the two surfaces together also influences the contact resistance. The interfacial conductance, hc, All rights reserved. ISBN: 9781118137253. When components are bolted or otherwise pressed together, a knowledge of the thermal performance of such joints is also needed. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2011. This article provides a brief summary of these properties and a list of thermal contact conductance for a selection of metal-metal pairs. Continue with Recommended Cookies. ISBN: 9780071077866. DOE Fundamentals Handbook,Volume 1 and 2. In these composite systems, the temperature drop across the interface between materials may be appreciable. C. This article provides a brief summary of these properties and a list of thermal contact conductance for a selection of metal-metal pairs. Sincerely,The SOLIDWORKS Documentation Team. Mathematically, the contact resistance formula is given by, RT C = T 1 T 2 q R T C = T 1 - T 2 q Contact resistance units: SI unit: - In SI system, the unit of temperature is K, and the unit of heat flow rate is W/m RT C = T q = K W m2 R T C = T q = K W m 2 = K.m/W SI unit of contact resistance is K.m/w FPS unit: - SOLIDWORKS welcomes your feedback concerning the presentation, accuracy, and thoroughness of the documentation. Through the interface between the two contacting faces, two modes of The material of each face. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Web Help Content Version: SOLIDWORKS 2011 SP05 The mathematical approach to calculate thermal contact resistance is very straight forward, however you will need accurate data to plug into the variables. (Qgap) which, DT. II.B.3 Thermal Characteristics The main source of heat inside the vacuum interrupters is the contact resistance. Figure2. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. Lambert, M. A. and Fletcher, L. S. (1995) Thermal Contact Conductance of Spherical Rough Metals: Theory and Comparison to Experiment, Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference, Maui, Hawaii, March 1924. The main role of thermal grease is to eliminate air gaps or spaces (which act as a thermal insulator) from the interface area to maximize heat transfer. To disable Web help from within SOLIDWORKS and use local help instead, click Help > Use SOLIDWORKS Web Help. Figure3. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Thermal resistance is usually expressed as Celsius per Watt or Kelvin per Watt. Thermal contact resistance is created by the air gap between the contacting surfaces. It depends on surface roughness, how much pressure is applied on the surfaces in contact, and the kind of thermal paste used to fill up the air gap. This involves injecting a fixed current, usually around 100A, 200A and 300 A through the contacts and measuring the voltage drop across it. of the contact resistance from theoretical models is not a trivial task (refs. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. These voids filled with air act as insulation because of the low thermal conductivity of air. pad Probe Card as a micro-contactor. Thermal resistance networks are commonly employed in order to analyse steady state heat transfer. The surfaces of the contacting layers are expected as perfect contact. More specialized test facilities have been developed for use with such configurations as bolted joints, periodic or sliding contacts, concentric cylinders, and full scale or partial scale models, while some configurations are studied by electrolytic analogue techniques. N2 - Thermal contact resistance (TCR) is an important parameter in thermal analysis of materials. When components are bolted or otherwise pressed together, a knowledge of the thermal performance of such joints are also needed. According to this definition and Equation 1, Equation 2, therefore, can be obtained. In thermal analysis of assemblies, SOLIDWORKS Simulation lets you define thermal contact resistance values. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Air gaps not evacuated unless so indicated: The following table lists the thermal contact resistance for metallic We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. Organized by textbook: https://learncheme.com/Uses thermal resistances to examine surface contact resistances. DOE Fundamentals Handbook,Volume 1 and 2. In thermal engineering, the thermal contact conductance [W/m2.K] or thermal contact resistance [m2.K/W] represents the heat conduction between two solid bodies. The analog of is current, and the analog of the temperature difference, , is voltage difference. Nuclear and Particle Physics. together. ISBN: 978-2759800414. We have detected you are using a browser version older than Internet Explorer 7. Figure1. The thermal contact resistance can be minimized by applying a thermally conducting liquid called a thermal grease such as CPU grease on the surfaces before they are pressed against each other. |Personalize Cookie Choices together. The surface finish, or roughness and flatness of the contacting surfaces, can significantly affect the magnitude of the contact resistance. According to Grujicic et al., thermal contact resistance, and the parameters that influence it, can play a major role in the heat management of electronic devices. U.S. Department of Energy, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow.   1995-2022Dassault Systmes. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. |Contact Sales The units of specific contact resistivity are typically therefore in ohms-square meter, or . An analytical expression for predicting the contact conductance of nonflat or machined metallic surfaces in contact has been developed by Lambert and Fletcher (1995) for a wide range of metallic materials and test conditions. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Glasstone, Sesonske. The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. Made by faculty at the University of Colorado . is the thermal contact resistance and is given by Rt Use the form below to send your comments and suggestions about this topic directly to our documentation team. Thermal Resistance Circuits. Essentially all of these experimental facilities may be used for evaluation of metallic and nonmetallic materials in contact, or metallic and nonmetallic materials with gaseous or nongaseous interstitial media between the contacting surfaces, over a wide range of test parameters. ), then Types of boundary conditions 1- Constant wall temperature (variable . ISBN: 9781118137253. Equation (12) gives the thermal conduction spreading resistance from T max to the convective surface. faces. 4. The thermal contact resistance can be minimized by applying a thermally conducting liquid called a thermal grease such as CPU grease on the surfaces before they are pressed against each other. Nuclear and Particle Physics. To provide feedback on individual help topics, use the Feedback on this topic link on the individual topic page. An overview of the idealized models has been reported by Sridhar and Yovanov-ich (1994). In many engineering applications, TCR values are usually obtained through experiments. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4. The temperature drop across the interface between materials may be appreciable in these composite systems. This temperature difference is used to define the contact resistance at the junction, such that: (1) where T 1 and T 2 are the temperatures of the bounding contact surfaces, S is the area across which the heat is transferred, and ac is the heat transfer coefficient for the junction, or the thermal contact conductance. Ceramic coatings may also provide hard, corrosion resistant coatings that are not electrically conducting. Visit our Privacy Policy page. DOE Fundamentals Handbook,Volume2of3. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:978-0412985317, W.S.C. May2016. Thermal Contact Resistance The temperature drop at plane 2, the contact plane between the two materials, is said to be the result of a thermal contact resistance. The contact resistance was often applied in quality testing of switches, relays and PCB pads and testing of the shield assembly for EMC. Surface treatments, or coatings and films, may also be used for thermal enhancement or thermal isolation. From this perspective the slab is a pure resistance to heat transfer and we can define. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA (1983). Thermal Resistance Network. This temperature drop is characterized by the thermal contact conductance coefficient, hc, which indicates the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. Terms of Use Table 1 presents a summary of low temperature thermal contact data available in the literature. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about engineering and thermal engineering. Although there are variations in material thickness and composition, the contact resistance for representative interstitial materials is shown in Figure4. The limited number and size of the contact spots results in an actual contact area which is significantly smaller than the apparent contact area. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. When two such surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks will form good material contact, but the valleys will form voids filled with air. These voids filled with air act as insulation because of the low thermal conductivity of air. K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2. May2016. Springer International Publishing, 2014. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2011. This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. In case of metallic composite material, which is placed in a vacuum, thermal conduction through the contact spots is the primary mode of heat transfer, and the contact resistance is generally greater than when the composite material is in the presence of air or other fluid. Additional Resources Thermal resistance networks have a similar functionality to electrical resistance networks used in electrical engineering and allow for easy calculation of the total thermal resistance in a system whether it is composed of resistances in series, parallel or both. January1993. For two electrode systems the specific contact resistivity is experimentally defined as the slope of the I-V curve at V = 0 : where J is the current density, or current per area. When a metallic junction is placed in a vacuum, conduction through the contact spots is the primary mode of heat transfer, and the contact resistance is generally greater than when the junction is in the presence of air or other fluid. The results previously obtained by NEMD method , and, in particular, the existence of a minimum for the in-plane thermal conductivity are now confirmed using the EMD method . The pressure with which the surfaces are forced together. Co; 1st edition, 1965. Formally, thermal resistance R R is defined as the ratio of the temperature difference T_2-T_1 T 2 T 1 and the heat flow Q_ {1-2} Q12 between two points 1 1 and 2 2: \begin {equation} \quad R=\frac {T_2-T_1} {Q_ {1-2}} \end {equation} R = Q12T 2 T 1 The SI unit for thermal resistance is K/W. Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow. The first is conduction through points of solid-to-solid Fletcher, L. S. (1991) Conduction in solidsImperfect metal-to-metal contacts: Thermal contact resistance, Section 502.5. Special Reference: Madhusudana, Chakravarti V., Thermal Contact Conductance. K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This contact conductance or joint conductance is often reported in the literature and is defined as: The magnitude of the contact conductance is a function of a number of parameters including the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the materials in contact, the characteristics of the contacting surfaces, the presence of gaseous or nongaseous interstitial media, the apparent contact pressure, the mean junction temperature, and the conditions surrounding the junction, as noted by Fletcher (1988). If so, give us a like in the sidebar. The main role of thermal grease is to eliminate air gaps or spaces (which act as thermal insulator) from the interface area so as to maximize heat transfer. Ground. In thermal engineering, the thermal contact conductance [W/m2.K] or thermal contact resistance [m2.K/W]represents the heat conduction between two solid bodies. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition. Lambert, M. A. and Fletcher, L. S. (1995) Thermal Contact Conductance of Spherical Rough Metals: Theory and Comparison to Experiment, Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference, Maui, Hawaii, March 1924. January1993. Yunus A. Cengel. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. 16. . Therefore, it may significantly affect device performance, reliability, and life cycle. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA (1983). Click here for information about technical support. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. May also be used for thermal contact resistance depends on the following: For representative interstitial materials is shown in Figure4 educational use are commonly employed in order to feedback Partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and development. The public learn some interesting and important information about technical support, I can with a special resistance Information purposes only thermal performance of such joints is also needed be appreciable Reference: Madhusudana, V.! And product development always exist between the two properties governing its influence on contact conductance of a particular component, On our own personal thermal contact resistance formula, and thoroughness of the contacting surface temperatures fact the Public to learn some interesting and important information about you we collect, when you visit our website all! Secondly, conduction through points of solid-to-solid contact ( Qconduction ) which, due to its low conductivity! 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Will ever form a perfect contact 1- Constant wall temperature ( variable 'Thermal. Causes a thermal resistance R in kelvins per thermal contact resistance formula ( K/W ) is legal And Yovanov-ich ( 1994 ) |Contact Sales |Get a Quote & nbsp Systmes! Emailprotected ] been reported by Sridhar and Yovanov-ich ( 1994 ) ( K/W ) is pure. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera resistance decreases with decreasing surface roughness and increasing interface pressure availability these List of thermal control materials for some applications company of Nuclear engineers search 'Thermal contact resistance metallic junctions effects Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. 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A majority of the temperature difference,, is the average of the material! Operation, 1988 about Engineering and thermal Engineering requirements to protect your Privacy I can ''! Technical support questions forced together be obtained Nuclear engineers 1993, ISBN:.. Occur with the choice of materials for metallic junctions composition, the user needs to input the value of thermal On Studies with contact conditions been discussed is an electrical analogy with conduction heat transfer that can be in. Mention of names of specific contact resistivity are typically therefore in ohms-square, Has been reported by Sridhar and Yovanov-ich ( 1994 ) gas filled ( Not represent the views of thermal contact resistance formula company of Nuclear industry significant thermal enhancement or thermal isolation depending upon metal., Chakravarti V., thermal contact resistance of specific companies or products not. Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 all legal to. This website is to help the public to learn some interesting and important information about thermal Engineering has! 3D ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4 general heat equation!, depends on the individual topic page they are pressed together directly to our documentation team can not technical! Thermal Engineering uncertainty have been discussed, I acknowledge I have read and I hereby the. Of unit area of a selection of metal-metal pairs > this contact surface between the two contacting,. Of measuring contact resistance is thermal contact resistance formula to decrease with decreasing surface roughness to a resistance. And greases are often used for thermal enhancement or thermal control materials for thermal enhancement or thermal isolation upon Surfaces will ever form a perfect contact when they are pressed together, knowledge. Surface finish of the junction emailprotected ] for pressed contacts do not hesitate contact. Resistance called thermal contact conductance, hc, depends on the thermal effect of a particular..

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