Agric Ecosyst Environ. Agron Sustain Dev. Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Herridge DF, Rochester IJ, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, et al. Second, legumes can make a valuable. Bichel A, Oelbermann M, Voroney P, Echarte L. Sequestration of native soil organic carbon and residue carbon in complex agroecosystems. Legumes play an important role in providing a valuable source of protein and carbohydrates for millions of people around the world. Legumes that can recover unavailable forms of soil phosphorus could be major assets in future cropping systems. Measuring N2O fluxes, they showed that peas emitted 69kg N2Oha1, far less than winter wheat (368kg N2Oha1) and rape (534kg N2Oha1). Field Crop Res. 2015;66:52352. BIOL133 AMU Lab Assignment 4: Diffusion and Osmosis 3. Conservation agriculture is based on minimal soil disturbance and permanent soil cover combined with rotations [35]. We share our world with billions of animals. Cernay C, Ben-Ari T, Pelzer E, Meynard J-M, Makowski D. Estimating variability in grain legume yields across Europe and the Americas. Eur J Agron. Reckling M, Preissel S, Zander P, Topp CFE, Watson CA, Murphy-Bokern D, Stoddard FL. 2016;76:18697. Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Mundus S, Jensen ES. Clune S, Crossin E, Verghese K. Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories. 2009;48:117. They also help in regulating cholesterol levels. Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with 5% energy from fat . Many sheep farmers use nitrogen-fixing legumes such as Lucerne, clover and medics in their pastures to improve wool growth and quality. What both types of foods have in common is basically their high protein content. Tree-based intercropping does not compromise canola (Brassica napus L.) seed oil yield and reduces soil nitrous oxide emissions. Li L, Zhang L-Z, Zhang F-Z. The effects of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). With this respect, the ability of the host plant to store fixed nitrogen appears to be a major component of increasing nitrogen fixation input. The quality and form of forage are two of the factors that have been shown to influence dry matter consumption and milk production in dairy cattle, says Richard O' Kellems from the Animal Science . 2007;26:4564. Grasses and cereal grains, converted to animal products, supply about 20% of the world's dietary protein. Phosphorus dynamics: from soil to plant. 1-Generate natural defenses and create antibodies, by complementing amino acids fundamental to the body, such as lysine. Medics (.Medicago species), Crotalaria species and certain other miscellaneous legumes. Wang et al. Break-crop benefits to wheat in Western Australia-insights from over three decades of research. United Nations: World population prospects: The 2012 revision, key findings and advance tables. Indeed, during last years significant progresses in breeding for quality traits for food [110] and feed uses [79], as well as for resistances to biotic [91] and abiotic stresses [4] are being achieved, but several others, many of which are controlled quantitatively by multiple genes, have been more difficult to achieve. FAOSTAT. Such findings suggest that C stock changes in the soil are mainly dependent to the net N-balance in the system. August 2015, All Some commonly used legumes are: beans, soybeans, peas, lentils, peanuts or peanuts, chickpeas, tamarind, carob and alfalfa, among others. Importance of Grasses and Legumes: First Year. This helps them survive prolong periods of drought and dryland agricultural practices. Waltham: Academic Press; 2013. p. 38295. Medicago truncatula A17 root nodules. Compared with the unplanted soil, the depletion of labile P pools (resin P and NaHCO3-P inorganic) was the greatest in the rhizosphere of faba bean (54 and 39%) with respect to chickpea, white lupin, yellow lupin and narrow-leafed lupin [31]. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Legume-grass mixture Legumes are useful as human and animal food, as wood, and as soil-improving components of agricultural and agroforestry systems. Intercropping systems consist in simultaneous growth of two or more crop species on the same area and at the same time [13]. There are still major challenges for conservation agriculture that need to be overcome, including the development of effective methods for weed control (see also [92]) that can avoid the use of herbicides or tillage. Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), also called black-eyed peas, are an important grain legume in tropical and subtropical regions. Importance of animals in human life. Sometimes, certain vegetarian animals, such as monkeys, ingest the fruits and vegetables whole along with the seeds, which are then excreted through their feces. Magnitude and mechanisms of persistent crop sequence effects on wheat. The mitigation in terms of GHG emissions is also obtained by adopting sustainable agricultural systems, such as conservation tillage and conservation agriculture systems, which are suitable for the cultivation of both grain and green-manure legumes (see Grain legumes and conservation agriculture section). Similar results on weed smothering have been obtained by Midya et al. Rusinamhodzi L, Corbeels M, Nyamangara J, Giller KE. PubMed Central The importance of water relates to its essential functions in perpetuating both plant and animal life. Luo S, Yu L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang W, Li Z, Wang J. INRA, Paris. Legumes, broadly defined by their unusual flower structure, podded fruit, and the ability of 88% of the species examined to date to form nodules with rhizobia ( de Faria et al., 1989 ), are second only to the Graminiae in their importance to humans. CAS Plant Soil. We can also improve nutrition by returning to more wild food sources and by diversifying our diets. Crop Pasture Sci. They reach the limits of vegetation (except for lichens and . Kirkegaard JA, Ryan MH. Ngwira AR, Aune JB, Mkwinda S. On-farm evaluation of yield and economic benefit of short term maize legume intercropping systems under conservation agriculture in Malawi. Lopes T, Hatt S, Xu Q, Chen J, Liu Y, Francis F. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based intercropping systems for biological pest control: a review. For some of these species, the trends for word acreage and yield are available, as reported in Table1. In temperate environments, cereals yield is on average 17 and 21% higher in grain-legume based systems than wheat monocropping, under standard and moderate fertilization levels, respectively [40]. Yu Y, Xue L, Yang L. Winter legumes in rice crop rotations reduces nitrogen loss, and improves rice yield and soil nitrogen supply. [19] reviewed different life cycle-assessment (LCA) studies on GHG emissions carried out from 2000 to 2015 around the world (despite the used literature was predominately European centric) highlighting that pulses have a very low Global Warming Potential (GWP) values (0.500.51kg CO2 eqkg1 produce or bone-free meatFootnote 3). Stagnari F, Pisante M. Managing faba bean residues to enhance the fruit quality of the melon (Cucumis melo L.) Crop. Modern breeding programs have developed the dwarf wehats and rice varieties on which the 'green revolution' has been based. Article Even in intensive animal and milk production, where grain crops are major feed sources, forage legumes are required to main-tain animal health (Wattiaux and Howard, 2001). Leguminosae family comprises 800 genera and 20,000 species [54] and represents the third largest family of flowering plants. The roles and importance of grain legumes in a context of sustainability in agriculture could be enhanced by the emerging research opportunities for the major topics discussed above. Fabio Stagnari. A balanced diet should include foods from all these groups in a balanced way, although it is true that in contemporary societies, this balance is often affected, with the consequent appearance of diseases and nutritional disorders. For cattle and buffaloes if legumes are fed liberally, there is no need for any additional supply of protein. Plaza-Bonilla D, Nolot JM, Raffaillac D, Justes E. Cover crops mitigate nitrate leaching in cropping systems including grain legumes: field evidence and model simulations. Gan Y, Hamel C, Kutcher HR, Poppy L. Lentil enhances agroecosystem productivity with increased residual soil water and nitrogen. Legumes can be incorporated . Garrigues E, Corson MS, Walter C, Angers DA, van der Werf H. Soil-quality indicators in LCA: method presentation with a case study. Ann Bot Lond. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. They also perform well in conservation systems, intercropping systems, which are very important in developing countries as well as in low-input and low-yield farming systems. Brazil has implemented conservation agriculture systems using soybean as legume crop. In intercropping cowpeamaize, Latati et al. 4 - Some of its vitamins, such as folate, prevent birth defects in the fetus. Pulse crops for the Northern Great Plains: I. The consumption and production of meat, dairy and fish in the European Union. Appl Soil Ecol. La Favre JS, Focht DD. -hybridsation is common between specie and this contributes to diversity. When faba bean was grown as mono cropping, it led to threefold higher cumulative N2O emissions than that of unfertilized wheat (441 vs. 152g N2Oha1, respectively); conversely, when faba bean was mixed with wheat (intercropping system), cumulative N2O emissions fluxes were 31% lower than that of N-fertilized wheat [96]. Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. In: Mosier AR, Syers KJ, Freney JR, editors. 2016;72:3846. When selecting forage species factors such as the type of animal that will be grazing, whether the field is used as . J Agric Sci. Most recent research has focalized on the potential of intercropping in sustainable productions and in particular on grain legumes that can fix N2 through biological mechanisms (BNF). 2016;107:918. 2016;221:18797. 2005;274:23750. October 2015 Kpke U, Nemecek T. Ecological services of faba bean. Jenkinson DS. Orgnica. Aspects Appl Biol. Due to modern technology, the number of ways of animal usage has increased like. [42] who report a mean of 3.22kg N2O-Nha1, calculated from 67 site years of data. Anatomy Eur J Agron. Covelo: Island Press; 2004. p. 5369. This is, however, not equally perceived throughout the globe, and there is indeed a remarkable diversity in grain legumes production trends across the world (Table3). The characteristic of legumes is that their fruits are shaped like pods inside which grow edible seeds arranged in a row. Agron Sustain Dev. 2001;228:315. 1983;46:30411. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20-45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (60%) and dietary fibre (5-37%). They provide milk. In: Redden R, Yadav SS, Maxted N, Dulloo MS, Guarino L, Smith P, editors. The additional role of legumes in increasing the mineral content of pastures has an, additive effect on animal nutrition and production. Similarly, the values of phosphorus in legumes are, expected to be higher than grasses despite great variability between species and plant, age. Some studies indicate that at global scale, the amount of CO2 respired from the root systems of N2-fixing legumes could be higher than the CO2 generated during N-fertilizer production [42]. Ann Bot Lond 2016;117:36377. 2015;202:23242. Given the importance of legumes in the history of agriculture, as food and forage, it is not surprising that the first historical traces of legumes date from the year 2800 BC that mention soy as basic food in the Chinese kitchen and as an ideal complement of cereals such as millet, rice and wheat.. Some priority areas seem emerge. Forage is the most important component in the diet of dairy cattle because of the dramatic impact it has on dry matter and nutrient consumption. With high N harvest index legumes, SOC stocks are not preserved due to the high amount of N taken off from the field into the grain [42]. Nutrition Many of them are raised on farms while others share our home as pets. Soil quality advantages of legumes include increasing soil natural matter, improving soil porosity, recycling nutrients, improving soil structure, decreasing soil pH, diversifying the microscopic lifestyles in the soil, and breaking disease build-up and weed problems of grass-type crops. As the plant matures, the pods dry out and the seeds that store food are born to germinate another plant. Break crop benefits in temperate wheat production. Renew Agr Food Syst 2016:112. Authors found a significant tillagecrop interaction on cumulative N2O emissions with vetch releasing higher N2O amount than barley only in CT and MT, whereas similar fluxes were observed under NT. In: International conferences: joint organic congress - Theme 4: crop systems and soils, 9 May 2006. FAO. AG: Researcher in Agronomy and Crop Sciences at University of Teramo (ITALY). The yield advantage to subsequent cereal crops provided by legumes depends also on the species and amounts of fixed N [114, 121]. Nov. 18, 2015. Herbarium of the University of Navarra. Plant Soil. Effects of legume cropping on farming and food systems; 2014. Jensen CR, Joernsgaard B, Andersen MN, Christiansen JL, Mogensen VO, Friis P, Petersen CT. Google Scholar. 2013;28:8092. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst. Legumes: Classification and nutritional properties. Monti M, Pellican A, Santonoceto C, Preiti G, Pristeri A. www.faostat.fao.org (visited 18 November 2016). Field pea and faba bean accumulate about 130 and 153kgNha1 in their aboveground biomass, respectively [77] and significant quantities (3060% of the accumulated total N) may also be stored in belowground biomass [77]. Lentil in rotation with cereals has been shown to increase total grain production by increasing residual soil water in dry areas of Saskatchewan [25]. there is a higher use of legume products because people are replacing animal protein with vegetable protein. Eur J Agron. Rochette P, Janzen HH. Chapter Nutritional benefits of legumes (2016). 2012;2:4106. Having a pet also has a tremendous social impact on human life. Bues A, Preiel S, Reckling M, Zander P, Kuhlmann T, Topp K, et al. A vegetarian diet Supplemented with dairy products and eggs will boost the synthesis of more balanced proteins. . 1. California Privacy Statement, Although they contain alkaloids, tannins and estrogens, these factors are, considered to be of secondary importance. [29] compared three tillage treatments (i.e. 2003;95:9729. Foods of animal origin also provide high quality protein, essential for the healthy development of bones and muscles. Multiple benefits of legumes for agriculture sustainability: an overview, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-016-0085-1, Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, Grain legumes and conservation agriculture, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Ruminant animals can use plant cell walls as a major source of dietary fiber and energy. Tosti G, Guiducci M. Durum wheatfaba bean temporary intercropping: effects on nitrogen supply and wheat quality. They are characterized as plants with high protein content, and with relatively low cell wall matter content. Despite several recognized beneficial aspects of intercropping such as better pest control [60], competitive yields with reduced inputs [70, 107], pollution mitigation [63], more stable aggregate food or forage yields per unit area [100], there are a number of constrains that make intercropping not common in modern agriculture, such as example the request of a single and standardized product and the suitability for mechanization or use of other inputs as a prerogative in intensive farming system [13]. Miller PR, Gan Y, McConkey BG, McDonald CL. "Of all plants, the grasses are the most important to man. Aust J Agric Res. Gao et al. Whilst the crude protein, content of grass with moderate levels of N fertilizer is often relatively close to animal, requirements (130 to 170 g/kg DM), legumes often contain much higher levels (180 to, 300 g/kg of DM), much in excess of requirements (Dewhurst et al., 2009). Sci Rep. 2015;5:11171. soybean, cowpea, dry bean, groundnut, and pigeon pea), the acreages of several temperate legumes (e.g. Available from www.legumefutures.de. Agric Ecosyst Environ. They have long tongues to capture prey located in some distance away. These include (1) their low and unstable yields [16, 86]; (2) inadequate policy support [14]; (3) lack of proper quantification (and recognition) of long-term benefits of legumes within cropping systems [82]. The other advantage of using fodder legumes as a source of feed for ruminant animals is that supplementation of forages up to about 35% does not A Review. Dictionary-Glossary Lombricultura and Ag. Influence of agricultural management on soil organic carbon: a compendium and assessment of Canadian studies. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss. Preissel S, Reckling M, Schlfke N, Zander P. Magnitude and farm-economic value of grain legume pre-crop benefits in Europe: a review. Planting legumes such as alfalfa, clover, peas or beans in managed pastures provides increased forage for cattle and other livestock, while also adding carbon to the soil. Seymour M, Kirkegaard JA, Peoples MB, White PF, French RJ. Symbiosis. Nitrogen also returns through death and decay of any uneaten above-ground plant material and roots. Among these, soil type represents the major factor determining plant growth, rhizosphere nutrient dynamics and microbial community structure. Privacy 2013;60:11522. However, the P uptake and the changes in rhizosphere soil P pools seem to depend also on legume species. In temperate environments of Australia, measurements of the additional N-nitrate available to wheat crops following legumes instead of cereals, averaged around 37kgNha1 [17]. Hort. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 2014;164:15465. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Zaragoza; 2004. p. 16973. Eur J Agron. Retrieved from examples.co. In this context, food legumes and legume-inclusive production systems can play important roles by delivering multiple services in line with sustainability principles. 20 examples of legumes. Legumes in the feed mix of lactating animals can increase the vitamin A and E and calcium intake of the animal and may increase the fat content in milk and overall milk quality compared to grass-only forages. Legumes could also be competitive crops and, due to their environmental and socioeconomic benefits, could be introduced in modern cropping systems to increase crop diversity and reduce use of external inputs. 2004;20:21930. Zimmer S, Messmer M, Haase T, Piepho HP, Mindermann A, Schulz H, et al. Grain legumes are weak suppressors of weeds, but mixing species in the same cropping system could represent a valid way to improve the ability of the crop itself to suppress weeds [41, 94]. Legume nitrogen fixation is of prime importance in agriculture. Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. 2017;200:3846. Soil N2O emissions under N2-fixing legumes and N-fertilised canola: a reappraisal of emissions factor calculations. Legumes intercropped with spring barley contribute to increased biomass production and carry-over effects. Dynamics of biologically fixed N in legume-cereal rotations: a review. Berry PM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Philipps L, Hatch SP, Cuttle FW, Gosling P. Is the productivity of organic farms restricted by the supply of available nitrogen? Cookies policy. 2005a, b) includes important grain, timber, bioenergy crops, pasture, and agroforestry species.It has some specialized features including unusual . Fernando Bas (2014). Despite the described beneficial effects, there are still concerns on the introduction of grain legumes into cropping sequences. Robson MC, Fowler SM, Lampkin NH, Leifert C, Leitch M, Robinson D, et al. Biol. Organic acids exuded from roots in phosphorus uptake and aluminum tolerance of plants in acid soils. Kirkegaard JA, Christen O, Krupinsky J, Layzell DB. In Mediterranean agro-ecosystems, Guardia et al. Break crops and rotations for wheat. Among other beneficial effects brought about by legumes, the production of hydrogen gas (H2) as a by-product of BNF greatly affects the composition of the soil microbial population, further favouring the development of plant growth-promoting bacteria [2]. September 2015 Grazing animals eat the legume and return a high proportion of fixed N to the soil in dung and urine. Agriculture represents the main source of anthropogenic N2O emissions (about 60%; [84], due to both animal and crop production [38]). [2] reported higher yield of wheat after legumes (field peas, lupins, faba beans, chickpeas and lentils) than those of wheat after wheat. Further, some legume residues have beneficial effects on some quality aspects of the subsequent crops in southern Italy [104]. Major nitrogen fixers (with symbiotic bacteria in roots), adds N . It is highly nutritious for animals, it provides a high amount of protein and can be planted with other plants such as grasses . Field Crop Res. 14 26 Importance of legumes in animal production as a reason for investigating, 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful. Did it vary by potato type? Mediterranean conditions: effects of crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization. [67] in rice-blackgram (20cm) intercropping system although the deferred seeding of blackgram in rice field (30cm) with one weeding may be recommended for both better yield and weed suppression. By using this website or by closing this dialog you agree with the conditions described. Some experimental designs involving multi-year and multispecies rotations do not provide information on yield benefits to the subsequent species in the rotation sequence. Eur J Agron. 2015;35:1095102. 14 26 importance of legumes in animal production as a. Healthy food: food of animal origin. Carbon Manag. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. endstream endobj startxref PubMed Central In a few minutes a brown chameleon may become bright green. A species-specific response has also been documented. Selecting the right species is the fundamental first step in forage management. Correspondence to 2015;206:10717. 2002;42:17793. In: Emerich DW, Krishnan HB, editors. Voisin AS, Guguen J, Huyghe C, Jeuffroy MH, Magrini MB, Meynard JM, et al. Stagnari, F., Maggio, A., Galieni, A. et al. Protecting wildlife and its natural habitats strengthens food security for humans around the world. A major task in the future will be the selection of legume species and cultivars which could be effectively introduced across different cropping systems. Give examples in your explanations. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. N2O represents about 56% of the total atmospheric GHG, but it is much more activeFootnote 2 than CO2 [21]. The European decline in grain legumes production is not mirrored by other regions of the world such as Canada or Australia, where legumes cultivation has been increasing over the last few decades. A review. Most types of legumes are safe for consumption and generally don't pose a risk to health. summary for policymakers. New Phytol. 2012;43:2432. Such trend is mainly associated to the expansion of more specialized and intensive production systems [82]. Cite this article. Simple and nondescript as they may appear on the vine or dried in bulk bins at grocery stores, legumes bear many benefits. In the growth period, the digestibility of legumes decreases more slowly than that of. This preview shows page 27 - 29 out of 148 pages. Study of farms and supply chains. Field Crop Res. Plaza-Bonilla D, Nolot J-M, Raffaillac D, Justes E. Innovative cropping systems to reduce N inputs and maintain wheat yields by inserting grain legumes and cover crops in southwestern France. AM drafted the manuscript and revised it critically. Adv Agron. PubMed For example, some possible risks in terms of nitrate leaching associated to grain legumes cultivation can be counteracted by including cover crops in the system [33, 81]. 2012;150:58494. HISTORY OF LEGUMES. FABA BEANS Faba beans (Vicia faba) are grown in several countries, especially in the Mediterranean area. legumes, when combined with high nitrogen content, restore depleted soil. Hocking PJ, Randall PJ. In any case, the most sustainable crop and tillage treatments in terms of GWP were represented by the non-fertilized vetch and NT, due to higher carbon sequestration, lower fuel consumption and the absence of mineral N fertilizers [29]. One of the aims of the project was to explore forage alternatives to complement perennial ryegrass production on . Economics of crop diversification and soil tillage opportunities in the Canadian prairies. The agronomic and economic potential of breakcrops for ley/arable rotations in temperate organic agriculture. VandenBygaart AJ, Gregorich EG, Angers DA. Crit Rev Plant Sci. In addition they contribute important amounts of iron, zinc and vitamins of group B and D. Matching roots to their environment. 2009;315:28596. It is therefore necessary to optimize intercropping systems to enhance resource-use efficiency and crop yield simultaneously [55], while also promoting multiple ecosystem services (see also [13]). Rao DLN, Giller KE, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ. 2010;115:21733. From an economic perspective, legumes are easier to grow . Cultivation and cropping may cause significant SOC losses through decomposition of humus [18]. The pattern of depletion and accumulation of some macro- and micronutrients differed also between cropping systems (i.e. Synopsis of the study report. Important leguminous fodder crops include true clovers (Trifolium species). Rose TJ, Julia CC, Shepherd M, Rose MT, Van Zwieten L. Faba bean is less susceptible to fertiliser N impacts on biological N2 fixation than chickpea in monoculture and intercropping systems. 2008;107:18595. As an agricultural crop, legumes may be used not only for their commercial value as food, but also as a green manure crop. Carranca C, Torres MO, Madeira M. Underestimated role of legume roots for soil N fertility. 2002;94:21630. Importance of legumes in animal production as a reason for investigating their, Legumes can contribute improved nutritive value and sustainability to warm-. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America; 2009. p. 34985. Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). -Many grasses also propagate vegetatively by the production of shoots (tillers) from basal buds or creeping stems (stolons and rhizomes, tiller can result in dense tufts, large tussocks and/or a network of shoots connected by stems just above or below ground. 51-G}K`TFF{0}}7-=V tyA>rw4Z&%zb%~dtv=,t}o^1iex-t|=+Y#4>T[3-qiJ: bZ4?:;(kzyF'7=R2Te4Y5etJiiDM[(*=h7,Z%Se;UHDK3!AhA0J2N,2Jq/NhT9ry(:la:&qzM_E%l4|;Z^ $wR.K %B+5(,O=?yR1()w @_)Rg\laW3A2m\!w43MqklV9~nvi5Y>oo[4C?>gF]oV-j1#vB2> 8 ^ #0#f"k ,#-@~OgM#UtB8wdyz-_OUlnh|[i~ h5y8lA\c_@'P[ 2014;34:195236. In Denmark, nitrogen uptake in crops that follow legume crops has been reported to increase by 2359% after field pea and narrow-leafed lupin on different soil types [40], but only 1415% for durum wheat following vetch in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment [28]. PubMed The same authors highlighted that grain legumes significantly reduced their emission factors suggesting that legume-fixed N is a less-emissive form of N input to the soil than fertilizer N. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that the influence of legumes in reducing GHG depends also on the management of agro-ecosystems in which they are included. Soussana JF, Tallec T, Blanfort V. Mitigating the greenhouse gas balance of ruminant production systems through carbon sequestration in grasslands.

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