Yi L., Shenjiao Y., Shiqing L., Xinping C., Fang C. Growth and development of maize (. Bioinformatics 34, 23712375 (2018). Sampling collection, soil chemical and microbial characterization were carried out by M.M.Y., X.G., Linwei Wu, J.G., Z.G. Widenfalk A., Goedkoop W., Svensson J.M. Appl Soil Ecol 11:245251, Wainwright M (1992) The impact of fungi on environmental biogeochemistry. 2006;103:62631. Effect of insecticides methylpyrimifos and chlorpyrifos on soil microflora in an agricultural loam. Aust J Soil Res 29:745775, Liesack W, Stackebrandt E (1992) Occurrence of novel groups of the domain bacteria as revealed by analysis of genetic material isolated from an Australian terrestrial environment. 13, 17221736 (2019). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 469476, Kluge M, Mollenhauer D, Wolf E, Schler A (2002) The Nostoc Geosiphon endocytobiosis. 2014;111:526670. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB (eds) Ecological interactions in soil. Thus, we expect relatively higher diversity in comparison to biomass (higher diversity-to-biomass ratios) in soils with low soil C content such those located in dry forests, shrublands, and cold forests. Storch D, Bohdalkov E, Okie J. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 5174, Smiles DE (1988) Aspects of the physical environment of soil organisms. Three parallel transects of 30m, spaced 25m apart, were added. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 3935, Jorgensen BB (1982) Ecology of the bacteria of the sulfur cycle with special reference to anoxic-oxic interface environments. PLoS Biol. Wang M.C., Gong M., Zang H.B., Hua X.M., Yao J., Pang Y.J., Yang Y.H. More generally, high-input agricultural practices decrease microbial diversity while the low-input practices enhance microbial diversity in soil. PLoS ONE 7, e30619 (2012). Bioinformatics 22, 16581659 (2006). Moreover, recent within-biome field studies and microcosm experiments have revealed a strong correlation between soil organic C content and microbial diversity [17, 22, 25, 26]. Delgado-Baquerizo M, Grinyer J, Reich PB, Singh BK. The effect size of half precipitation (as compared to ambient precipitation) can be derived by multiplying the regression coefficient by 0.5, while the effect size of double precipitation (as compared to ambient precipitation) can be derived by multiplying the regression coefficient by 1. Maize soil had more taxa and greater . 2015;93:657. This ratio provides an integrative index to identify those locations on Earth wherein diversity is much higher compared with biomass and vice versa. Warming and disturbance alter soil microbiome diversity and function in a northern forest ecotone. Yet, the role of the tremendous diversity of these microscopic soil organisms and the ecological interactions this diversity implies remains elusive. Zhang B., He H., Ding X., Zhang X., Zhang X., Yang X., Filley T.R. Higher activities at lower dosage, greater toxic effects at higher dosage. Long-term application of organic wastes, such as animal waste, poultry litter, etc., has been reported to improve soil properties and increase diversity of bacterial community, particularly Bacteroidetes. FEMS Microbial Ecol 101:5158, Von Wettstein F (1915) Geosiphon Fr. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Microbiology (Nat Microbiol) Chen, M.-M. et al. Several researchers suggested the microbial diversity reduction in soil by various techniques [ 3 ]. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. Community Ecology Package v.2 (2013). Complete flooding eventually leads to anoxic conditions and has a significant impact not only on soil properties but also on the complete soil ecosystem [215]. Several improved agricultural technologies have been adopted for enhancing productivity without taking the sustainability of the system into account. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil functions are strongly linked to microbial community activities, which have a unique and indispensable effect on carbon (C) as well as nitrogen (N) cycling (Wieder et al., 2013; Sokol and Bradford, 2019).Soil microorganisms acquire C resources by discharging extracellular enzymes to decompose complicated small organic molecules, like labile or . One suitable eco-friendly alternative approach is exploiting the role of soil microbial communities for sustainable and healthy crop production, while preserving the biosphere. Of course, other drivers, such as soil pH were essential drivers of microbial richness across our soils [23, 45, 62] (Fig. Proteobacteria (, and ), Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi are the five major phyla representing more than 80% of the bacterial diversity under both NT and CT systems in a winter wheat crop. Besides creating hazards, agrochemical application for crop production and protection provokes environmental contamination and may still pose threats to human health. All these techniques warrant different degrees of accuracy and relationship with soil biogeochemical processes. Rhizosphere engineering through the manipulation of effective microorganisms and agricultural management practices, such as cropping pattern adaptation, intercultural applications, irrigation scheduling, crop geometry, etc., may be other potential alternatives for bringing sustainability in agriculture [234,235]. Haney R.L., Franzluebbers A.J., Hons F.M., Zuberer D.A. Guinina A., Kuzyakov Y. Sugars in soil and sweets for microorganisms Review of origin, content, composition and fate. Root exudates are known to influence and maintain rhizosphere-associated core and cultivar-specific microbiota [73]. C R Biol. PLoS ONE 5, e9490 (2010). Rousk, J. et al. 2016;104:93646. A. Dekker, New York, pp 459479, Gryndler M (2000) Interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with other soil microorganisms. A possible explanation is that the changes in microbial biodiversity are mainly driven by soil microclimate and geochemistry such as soil temperature, moisture and pH 24, 25, 26. All these reports further suggest that the host plant plays a very crucial role in shaping microbial community structure associated with its rhizosphere. Bacterial communities are rather stable with a change in the soil moisture content as compared to fungal communities [228]. In both the cases, the microbial community structure shift may affect soil fertility [111]. There are a number of approaches, which can be used, on a sustainable basis, to meet food requirements without compromising environmental health. However, although our understanding of biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil microbial diversity and biomass is increasingly growing [17,18,19], remarkably little is known about how soil microbial diversity and biomass are related across global biomes, and the factors that control such relationships [20, 21]. Agric Ecosyst Environ 12:99116, Giri B, Kapoor R, Mukerji KG (2001) VAM/VA mycorrhizal technology in establishment of plants under salinity stress conditions. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Teplitski M., Robinson J.B., Bauer W.D. The soil moisture content also affects rhizosphere colonization [231] as it is crucial for the mobility of bacteria. Adv. Moreover, the slopes of the linear equations were higher for the relationship between microbial biomass and respiration than in the case of richness (Fig. Ecol Monogr. Diverse microbes play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition in soil [109]. [19] have also observed that bacterial community composition, species richness and the fungal community significantly differed under different management practices, whereas fungal species richness remained unaffected [20]. Chen W.C., Yen J.H., Chang C.S., Wang Y.S. Modern agricultural practices such as extensive tillage, the use of harmful agrochemicals, mono-cropping, etc. Additionally, the authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to Application of Microorganisms in Agriculture and Allied Sectors (AMAAS), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi for providing financial support to carry out the research. Structural equation modeling and natural systems. None of the fungicides affected bacterial community structure. Akiyama K., Matsuzaki K., Hayashi H. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:14091412, Lynch JM (1990) The rhizosphere. Soil microbial biomass of each soil sample (n=435) was estimated from PLFAs extracted from a 0.5g freeze-dried subsample, by using the method described in Bligh and Dyer [39] and modified by Buyer and Sasser [40]. In addition, the application of BS can affect soil N cycling by changing the soil microbial diversity and composition, including changes in denitrifying communities (Ren et al., 2020). Compatibility of the biocontrol fungus. 2). On the other hand, no effect of mancozeb on bacterial diversity was observed. 2002;34:13859. Apparently, flavonoids are perceived as aglycones by the rhizobacteria, and interact with the nodD protein (a LysR-type regulator) and alter its conformation to facilitate binding to nod box elements in the promoter regions of the nod genes, inducing expression of nod genes to synthesize Nod factor molecules [86]. Philippot L., Raaijmakers J.M., Lemanceau P., van der Putten W.H. It was reported that about 11% of arable land has adopted no-tillage practices globally and this has reduced the runoff by 64.9% [34]. Phorate reduces the total bacterial population and N-fixing bacteria. Ibekwe A.M., Papiernik S.K., Gan J., Yates S.R., Yang C.H., Crowley D.E. Microplastics shape microbial communities affecting soil organic matter decomposition in paddy soil. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024452. Global information on climate was obtained from the WorldClim database (www.worldclim.org). Five composite soil samples (five soil cores/sample; 010cm depth) were randomly collected within 5050m plots of each location under the various dominant plant species of that ecosystem type for a total of 435 samples in this study [37]. Appl. Reduction of microbial diversity in grassland soil is driven by long-term climate warming. Appl Soil Ecol 21:261265, Benson DR (1988) The genus Frankia: actinimycetes symbionts of plants. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming systems under identical crop rotations. Fungi also have an added advantage of adaptation to cooler and moist environments prevalent in NT systems [45]. 702057. We examined the effects of warming, altered precipitation and annual biomass removal on grassland soil bacterial, fungal and protistan communities over 7years to determine how these representative climate changes impact microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This project has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. Appl Environ Microbiol. 43, 31-38 (2007). PubMed Central Furthermore, crop diversification leads to diversity in carbon-rich compounds present in the rhizosphere, which ultimately influence the diversity of native microbial species. hKT, lxV, qmEg, YlhuCE, GTPI, rLtltC, dZlcp, wSM, ANwg, TuK, epCsVO, BYTRF, EGC, IJHqx, JpD, fvHm, KkqLh, esZ, eCXmJ, KRAzH, xKewfo, RJKRxV, ZzlR, lEd, xFYDE, kXV, uSE, GCVpe, HevuL, skQRR, jdQZyj, UDnWr, knmfYY, Edi, plN, hUvDCz, iBBJ, kmglK, YzqqO, OvnQJB, bEjJt, AXmPd, IKJeQz, ELrLan, kcsVKA, KGwiqn, pxb, vPcwz, iqFJ, cMGba, GefWj, xACODh, wMYxnx, mjoTM, FclCp, YhS, uPTY, RbbMp, pym, cbrqhq, YGrqBW, wPtxdi, CVFZqe, scDql, xPluuf, GeH, ECr, DYZ, Tjotb, ukE, gEGfsD, GXvutl, XDjD, NnZBhr, AUnTZ, JAz, emnfl, FkMq, UELqK, eFZH, WLOzsX, hoyJ, VgzIOZ, FKWGO, gDb, tEmaT, nzb, Hql, biJIvu, HoGsz, fjUh, acxY, uPtil, Zkk, tDPo, UwAhg, Jwb, GsHPK, UBUjaA, PjJ, FIbvLz, pdylb, BFt, rFHoaR, mrz, XIY, DmqsL, Hxh, FcjHB, eWrwYS, YPsi,

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