Overwhelming shares among all these groups say that religion is very important in their lives, that they pray regularly and that they believe in God. The Religious Freedom and Business Foundation, of which Brian Grim is president, also contributed funds and resources that helped make this research possible. The BJPs appeal is greater among Hindus who closely associate their religious identity and the Hindi language with being truly Indian. In the 2019 national elections, 60% of Hindu voters who think it is very important to be Hindu and to speak Hindi to be truly Indian cast their vote for the BJP, compared with only a third among Hindu voters who feel less strongly about both these aspects of national identity. Traditionally, many Hindus have a personal god, orishta devata:A particular god or goddess with whom they feel a personal connection. In particular, three-quarters of Muslims in India (74%) support having access to the existing system of Islamic courts, which handle family disputes (such as inheritance or divorce cases), in addition to the secular court system. People are born into a particular caste and tend to keep many aspects of their social life within its boundaries, including whom they marry. He belonged to the European Association for the Study of Science and Theology and also received a grant from the Templeton Foundation for his work in the area of science and religion. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me. Government leaders recognize that the federal and state agencies are logistically unable to effectively and comprehensively confront the substance abuse epidemic on the local front where faith-based organizations work (Acker 2017; Hein 2014). [145][146] In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying, "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it. Feelings of closeness for Lord Ram are especially strong in the Central region (27%), which includes what Hindus claim is his ancient birthplace, Ayodhya. Third, the participants cited their personal relationship with God as a factor in reducing cocaine use and placing them on the road to recovery. An emphasis on the biological aspect of healing has provided us with advanced diagnostics, safe surgery, and an extended lifespan; the benefits have been extraordinary. [2] Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed recently,[3] there are centuries-old Muslim societies in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region,[4][5][6][7] such as Slavic Muslims, like Gorani people, Torbeshi, Pomaks, Bosniaks, and populations of North Caucasians, Muslim Albanians, Cham Albanians, Greek Muslims, Vallahades, Muslim Romani people (Xoraxane), Balkan Turks, Turkish Cypriots, Cretan Turks, Amuca tribe, Yrks, Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Kazakhs,[7] Gajal, (itaklar) [5] and Muslim Megleno-Romanians from Notia living in Turkey. Respondents were asked two separate questions to measure religious switching: What is your present religion, if any? and, later in the survey, In what religion were you raised, if any? Overall, 98% of respondents give the same answer to both these questions. PRC has been shown to help maintain sobriety during the postdrug rehabilitation period. Advocates, state see different approaches to treating opioid addiction, March 13. Data Source: Koenig et al. From 1699 to 1913, wars and insurrections pushed the Ottoman Empire further back until it reached the current European border of present-day Turkey. 2018), relative mortality risk of people with alcohol use disorder (Larame et al. In June 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College[32] with a degree in anthropology. Trkiye'ye gnderilen "Lev Tahor" tarikat yelerinin akbeti belli oldu", "Chatham-Kent Children's Services v. Using the CEAs estimate for non-fatality costs ($30,000 each), this equals $39.3 billion. The bundle contains the following essays: The possible influence of Indian thought on Plotinus was mentioned already by his student and biographer, Theosophic ideas on involution has "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools. Further, following the CEAs estimate of non-fatality costs, we can also consider the shorter-term fatality prevention benefit of those who have been sober. Lev Tahor (Hebrew: , lit. For Christians, however, there are some net gains from conversion: 0.4% of survey respondents are former Hindus who now identify as Christian, while 0.1% are former Christians. "[web 1], According to Braverman, "Though Malhotra's academic targets say he has some valid discussion points, they also argue that his rhetoric taps into the rightward trend and attempts to silence unorthodox, especially Western, views. Hindus overwhelmingly say that most or all of their close friends are also Hindu. About 98% of Indias total population had a chance of being selected for this survey. In fact, A.A. has clear roots in Protestant and Catholic Christian thought and practice (Burnett 2014; Chesnut 2014) and is predicated on the need for a Higher Power to help alcoholics become and remain sober. Faith & mental health: Religious resources for healing. It continues the discussion on the idea of non-translatability of Sanskrit, first introduced in the book, Being Different. [128], A February 2017 poll of 10,000 people in 10 European countries by Chatham House found on average a majority were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Christianity considers Mantras as 'prayer' to a. Rajiv Malhotra and Satyanarayana Dasa Babaji (2020). In 1970, Everett moved the headquarters of his company from Texas to San Francisco, California. 2009). 2002; Borkman 2008). Kaskutas et al. Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride. Fidelity to the Gospel urges us to emphasize human dignity and social justice as we create healthier communities (CHI St. Gabriels Health n.d.). groups are self-supporting and do not accept contributions from non-A.A. members, and, most importantly, because they are locally administered, each group may have a slightly different character. Larame P, Leonard S, Buchanan-Hughes A, Warnakula S, Daeppen JB, Rehm J. [49], In 1955, he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university; the mission was arranged by the Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union, with London pastor-theologian John Stott serving as Graham's chief assistant. Geographic variation in opioid and heroin involved drug poisoning mortality rates. A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation[130]) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values. 2015, 2016). This is then multiplied by the VSL used by the CEA (2017) (i.e., low, $5.4 million; middle, $9.6 million; and high, $13.4 million). He characterized the Dravidians as "ignorant and dense", accusing the Brahmins the cunning Aryan agents for keeping them in shackles through the imposition of Sanskrit and its religion.[62]. According to the US Department of Transportation (2016a), 10,265 people died in alcohol-induced car crashes, accounting for nearly one-third (29%) of all US traffic-related deaths. South Indians are the least likely to say religion is very important in their lives (69%), and the South is the only region where fewer than half of people report praying daily (37%). [11] They are often the subject of intense discussion and political controversies sparked by events such as Islamic terrorist attacks in European countries,[12][13] The Satanic Verses controversy,[14] the cartoons affair in Denmark,[12] debates over Islamic dress,[14] and growing support for right-wing populist movements and parties that view Muslims as a threat to European culture and liberal values. Grossman, Lawrence. The Empire laid siege to Vienna in 1683. Therefore, the decline in religious affiliation in the USA is a national health concern. (2007) found that 66% of the alcoholics who remain sober for 1year or more did not relapse. A Study in 2006 indicates that intercessory prayer in cardiac bypass patients had no discernible effects. Additionally, for adults who struggle with addiction, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (2001) found that the individuals who had received both professional treatment and attended spirituality-based support programs like A.A. or N.A. Typology of faith-oriented substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. [34][35] According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. [10] The Ottoman Empire further expanded into Southeastern Europe and consolidated its political power by invading and conquering huge portions of the Serbian Empire, Bulgarian Empire, and all the remaining territories of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. As a proxy, the A.A.s surveys, in combination with other data summarized in Table2, are particularly useful for making valuation of religious and spiritual substance abuse recovery programs, mainly because many A.A. groups meet in churches and other faith congregations (see the Spiritual but Not Religious Substance Abuse Recovery (Ex. Across the major religious groups, most people say it is very important to respect all religions to be truly Indian. And tolerance is a religious as well as civic value: Indians are united in the view that respecting other religions is a very important part of what it means to be a member of their own religious community. The vast majority of state-of-the-art substance abuse treatment and recovery programs in the USA include a key component that is spiritual but not necessarily religious (i.e., the 12-step recovery assistance program that A.A. and N.A. [62], Estimates of the percentage of Muslims in Russia (the biggest group of Muslims in Europe) vary from 5[63] to 11.7%,[11] depending on sources. Johnson and Pagano (2014) found that spiritual support and religious involvement can be an integral part of dealing with substance abuse, pertaining to both prevention (i.e., young adults involved in religion are less likely to become addicted to drugs) and recovery (i.e., addicts in spiritual programs such as the 12-step fellowships pioneered by Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) have a lower risk of relapse).2. [40] On 6 March, an Ontarian judge ordered that the 14 children of the two families that fled be placed in foster homes in Ontario, while they waited for the appeal to be heard in court. The quiet revolution: An active faith that transforms lives and communities. The Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins. [web 1][8] He took early retirement in 1994 at an age of 44, to establish the Infinity Foundation at Princeton, New Jersey in 1995. Along with the body and the mind, the spirit is also a central part of the continuum of addiction health care. This is not to say that all people with addictions benefit from faith content in recovery, but many do. As the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. Grim, B. J., & Grim, M. E. (2016). Breaking India: Western Interventions in Dravidian and Dalit Faultlines, Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism, Invading the Sacred: An Analysis Of Hinduism Studies In America, "The Tantric Truth of the Matter: A Forthright Response to Rajiv Malhotra", "All approaches to preventing or reversing effects of stress are not the same", "A once(and future) meditator tries the relaxation response for stress", "Rebuttal of false allegations against Hindu scholarship", "Rajiv Malhotra says those accusing him of plagiarism are really out to silence his voice", "Rajiv Malhotra has a rejoinder to Andrew Nicholson", "Decolonising Indology: Rajiv Malhotra on why he won't follow rules set by the West", "Opinion: Fighting the Sepoys of the Leftist-evangelist Mafia", "Statement by the editor of Indra's Net, based in Toronto, Canada", The Academic Cult of Eroticizing Hindus. A study of violent and property crimes among emerging adults. Kennedy. "[64] Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ. [42][43] In Moscow in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call. According to Denis Baraby, director of youth protection services in the area, they discovered some houses that were dirty, had 45 children sleeping in one bedroom, some mattresses soaked in urine, and children with fungus on their feet. No Retreats. ), In recent years, conversion of people belonging to lower castes (including Dalits) away from Hinduism a traditionally non-proselytizing religion to proselytizing religions, especially Christianity, has been a contentious political issue in India. [33] The Moriscos (Moorish in Spanish) were finally expelled from Spain between 1609 (Castile) and 1614 (rest of Spain), by Philip III during the Spanish Inquisition. In Northern India, 12% of Hindus and 10% of Sikhs, along with 37% of Muslims, identity with Sufism, a mystical tradition most closely associated with Islam. [45] He appeared most frequently on Gallup's list of most admired people. In more recent years, the aftermath of terrorist attacks in France have led to huge amounts of anti-Islamic rhetoric and increasing amounts of hate crimes. This therefore confirms that Johnsons (2016) argument for a higher valuation, mentioned above, is correct. The United States government investigated allegations of Patrick's companies operating as pyramid schemes. The role of religion in predicting adolescent alcohol use and problem drinking. The study found that people with strong religious or spiritual beliefs are healthier, heal faster and live longer than those without them and that religion and spirituality can play a powerful role in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse and in the maintenance of sobriety (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse 2001, p. ii). After that, the congregation repeatedly asked Graham preach at their church and later asked him to become the pastor of their church. "[148][149] Graham's obituary noted that his stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue. [51], The practice of Om as a sacred utterance is designed to dissolve Namarupa from the mind, that is the whole idea and the principle behind the Mantra. [33] That same year, Robert Van Kampen, treasurer of the National Gideon Association, invited Graham to preach at Western Springs Baptist Church, and Graham accepted the opportunity on the spot. [211] The couple were married for almost 64 years.[212]. Over time, Southern states have seen stronger economic growth than the Northern and Central parts of the country. In December 2019, protests against the countrys new citizenship law broke out in several regions. 2019 August 21; 58(5): 1751, Typology of Religious and Spiritual Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities, Recovery Programs, and Support Groups, Spiritual but Not Religious Substance Abuse Recovery (Ex. He later settled down in Britain for a while, forming a preparatory school, Pendragon School at Bexhill-on-Sea, in 1950 in Sussex, England. It is possible that the findings reported on the positive role of faith were arrived at through less rigorous methods. 2006), the effectiveness of its approach has solidly been established in an edited volume by Galanter and Kaskutas (2008) for the American Society of Addiction Medicine and the Research Society on Alcoholism. More than seven decades later, the predominant view among Indian Muslims is that the partition of the subcontinent was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations. [15] He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (ne Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr., a dairy farmer. Slight declines in the importance of religion, by this measure, also are seen in the Western part of the country (Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra) and in the North, although large majorities in all regions of the country say religion is very important in their lives today. [112] Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy. Everett became involved with Christian Science, the Unity School of Christianity, and Rosicrucianism. Yeung JWK, Zhang Z, Kim TY. That figure is the same as that obtained by the INED/INSEE survey in October 2010. 8Nonreligious are people who hold virtually no religious belief and/or who view religion negatively (Pew 2018), which is a slightly different category than religiously unaffiliated. Dr. Elinore F. McCance-Katz, Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Mental Health and Substance Use, outlines three necessary steps to successfully combat and treat substance abuse in the long run: clinical care, social intervention, and social support. Lee MT, Pagano ME, Johnson BR, Post SG. We include it because it is consistent with the general trend toward religious disaffiliation. [70] Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states. ", "When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade", "Billy Graham, the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical? Highly religious Muslims i.e., those who say religion is very important in their lives also are more likely than other Muslims to say Muslim men should be able to divorce their wives simply by saying talaq three times (39% vs. 26%). Most of their food, including their bread, is therefore homemade. As reported in The Washington Post:[141], Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. Karma includes the baggage from prior lives, underscoring the importance of reincarnation. These locations include some heavily Muslim areas, which is part of the reason why Muslims make up 11% of the surveys total sample, while Indias adult population is roughly 13% Muslim, according to the most recent census data that is publicly available, from 2011. The first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 1321, 1947 at the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was attended by 6,000 people. Knig, Daniel G., Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West. [61], Following Graham's death, former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician Andrew Young (who spoke alongside Coretta Scott King at Graham's 1994 crusade in Atlanta),[69] acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention. Recent debates have emerged around Islamic courts. Mendy Levy, a former child member of the group, released his own self-made documentary online in November 2021, documenting his experience in Lev Tahor. [23] The withdrawal led to extensive media attention, and renewed sales in India. [47] Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field. A higher share of Dalits in the South and Northeast than elsewhere in the country say they, personally, have faced discrimination in the last 12 months because of their caste: 30% of Dalits in the South say this, as do 38% in the Northeast. However, data are available for A.A., which has been conducting surveys of their members every 3 to 4years since 1968 (Alcoholics Anonymous 1970). "There was never an idea of a career for us", she said. [93] During the 1960 campaign, Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, to discuss their mobilization of congregations to defeat Kennedy. His dynasty consolidated the presence of Islam in Al-Andalus (as Spain was known to Muslims). Moscati A, Mezuk B. Montgomery HA, Miller WR, Scott Tonigan J. Majority of Muslim women in India oppose triple talaq (Islamic divorce). There is overwhelming evidence that religious involvement and/or religiosity are associated with reduced risk of substance use among adolescents (Bahr and Hoffmann 2008; Bartkowski and Xu 2007; The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse 2003; Metzger et al. National Vital Statistics Reports (Xu et al. Narcotics Anonymous World Services. A short-lived invasion of Byzantine Sicily by a small Arab and Berber force that landed in 652 was the prelude of a series of incursions; from the eighth century to the fifteenth, Muslims ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, southern France and, several Mediterranean islands,[17] while in the East, incursions into a much reduced in territory and weakened Byzantine Empire continued unabated. (See Chapter 1 for a discussion of attitudes on religious discrimination.). The net is said to be infinite, and to spread in all directions with no beginning or end. A host of studies show that faith among adolescents and young adults can act as a powerful deterrent against drug and alcohol abuse, even when controlling for other contributory factors (e.g., depression). [3][4] While teaching at the school in Sussex, Everett contracted polio, and was told by his physicians that he would never walk again. are neither faith-based nor religious organizations, seven of their 12 steps explicitly mention God, a Higher Power, or spirituality. and transmitted securely. [98][note 22] Permanent Black, publisher of Nicholson's Unifying Hinduism, stated that they would welcome HarperCollins' "willingness to rectify future editions" of Indra's Net. [64], 58.8% of Albania adheres to Islam, making it the largest religion in the country. While we are primarily focused on bringing to light religious and spiritual contributions to substance abuse recovery, we also believe that programs without these elements are valuable and helpful to many people, including religious people. (For more analysis of Sikhs views on passing religious traditions on to their children, see Chapter 8.). The survey finds that 33% of Sikhs preferred the Indian National Congress Party Gandhis party. Far fewer say there are many gods (6%). Drabble L, Trocki KF, Klinger JL. (2018a). A.A. conducts these surveys to keep members informed of the current membership trends. For more information, see the Methodology for this report. The sober truth: Debunking the bad science behind 12-step programs and the rehab industry. Of course, given that religion is part of the solution to the addiction crisis, this dividing wall may come at the cost of lower effectiveness when the power of religious beliefs and practices is segregated from treatment. After mapping the extensive literature in this field, we will (3) introduce and flesh out a typology of faith-based substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. Their research demonstrates significant improvements in patients when taking the bodymindspirit integrated model of intervention. Alexander Everett (19212005) was a British self-improvement and personal development consultant. "Thank you Billy Graham: a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message". Furthermore, a majority agreed with statements like "Muslims are intolerant of customs and values other than their own." Allegations of unacceptable "Westernization" of a Muslim woman accounted for 71% of the justifications of honor killings in Europe. St. Gabriels is recognized nationally for leading a faith-based charge against opioid abuse (American Hospital Association n.d.; Oosten 2018; Rioux 2018). Our analysis of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) database shows that 73% of the behavioral health substance abuse treatment services in the USA include a 12-step program or option (see Table1). Development and psychometric evaluation of scales that assess stigma associated with illicit drug users. Indeed, each broad category includes several sub-castes sometimes hundreds with their own social and economic hierarchies. [123] European Muslims have also been criticized for new antisemitism.[124]. The The road to recovery: Where are we going and how do we get there? The volume provides an overwhelming body of theoretically informed and evidence-based empirical research, demonstrating the effectiveness of A.A. and its original spirituality-based 12-step approach as well as spiritualitys general role in addiction recovery. Most Hindus feel close to multiple gods, but Shiva, Hanuman and Ganesha are most popular. [70] In transcontinental countries such as Turkey 99%, and 93% in Azerbaijan[71] of the population is Muslim respectively. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. He also spoke at the memorial service following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. And fourth, many participants expected God to step in. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. [11] On 6 November 2018, he delivered his first lecture organized by the School of Sanskrit and Indic studies on the topic of Sanskrit non-translatables. Christian groups are not the only faith traditions to adopt and adapt the A.A.s 12-step approach. This will provide essential background as we then (4) make an economic valuation of nearly 130,000 congregational substance abuse recovery programs in the USA.1 We will then (5) discuss the implications of these findings in light of the current trends of dropping religious affiliation and rising opioid addiction in the country. 2016). And the vast majority of Indians of all major religious backgrounds say that respecting elders is very important to their faith. Reduced pain sensation and reduced BOLD signal in parietofrontal networks during religious prayer. [51] Patanjali mentions Om as Vacakah or vibration of Ishvara, hence the experience it brings cannot be generated by an alternative sound such as the sound or names of other God. On the one hand, the odds of substance use diminished when the men had higher levels of spiritual coping (i.e., the ability to tap into spiritual support and look for meaning in a traumatic situation). Rioux, P. (2018). Millati Islami World Services, founded in Baltimore, Maryland, is a 12-step recovery program based upon Islamic principles (Ali 2014; Millati Islami World Services n.d.). He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Islamic architecture influenced European architecture in various ways (for example, the Trkischer Tempel synagogue in Vienna). [61] In private, Graham advised King and other members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Respondents were selected using a probability-based sample design that would allow for robust analysis of all major religious groups in India Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains as well as all major regional zones. As a clear indication of the US governments ongoing recognition of the important role of faith-based communities in addressing substance abuse, the Department of Health and Human Services Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships recently published an Opioid Epidemic Practical Toolkit: Helping Faith and Community Leaders Bring Hope and Healing to Our Communities (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018a, August 3). On May 31, 2007, the $27million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Built into A.A. is the idea that all members are recovering from alcoholism and none has moral superiority (White and Kurtz 2008), with all unified by a single membership criterionthe desire to stop drinking. 2). The festival was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina. This means that out of the total A.A. membership of 1,297,396 people (Alcoholics Anonymous 2018b, May), 11,019 can be expected to die due to all causes (e.g., age, accident, disease, etc.). Religiosity and exposure to users in explaining illicit drug use among emerging adults. Estimate of lives saved (excess deaths avoided) through A.A. Sources: Length of sobriety (Alcoholic Anonymous 2014), risk of relapse over time (Dennis et al. Mindfulness and addiction. Wikipedia, on the other hand, was founded in 2001. Yet, despite sharing certain values and religious beliefs as well as living in the same country, under the same constitution members of Indias major religious communities often dont feel they have much in common with one another. Soon after the death of the prophet Muhammad in AD 632, the Muslim world expanded westwards, and within less than a century encompassed sizeable parts of what today is considered Europe. (For additional findings on belief in God, see Chapter 12.). Lipka Tatar Muslims of Belarus and PolandLithuania. [14] Helbrans was released after serving two years, allegedly after receiving preferential treatment by New York governor George Pataki. Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. Everett stated that one of the goals of Mind Dynamics was to "get people to a higher dimension of mind". [98] The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association states that "Life is sacred, and we must seek to protect all human life: the unborn, the child, the adult, and the aged. The report notes that the Midwestern states were particularly hard hit, with a 70% increase in opioid overdose for both genders and all age-groups. Generally, younger and older Indians, those with different educational backgrounds, and men and women are similar in their levels of religious observance. [50] According to Shreena Gandhi, professor of Religious studies at Michigan State University, many American Yoga teachers do not learn about Hinduism, Indian culture and spiritual philosophies of Yoga. Culturally and politically, people in the South have pushed back against the BJPs restrictions on cow slaughter and efforts to nationalize the Hindi language. [1] Everett's coursework and teachings had an influence on the human potential movement.[2].

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