Gender equality is "essential for a sustainable recovery" from Covid-19, Norway's prime minister Erna Solberg told the Reykjavk Global Forum - Women Leaders 2020 this month.Last week, Solberg told the New Statesman that "crises tend to reinforce traditional gender roles, and we see clearly how Covid-19 adversely and disproportionately affects women and girls on a broad range of . More than 200 million women and girls are affected by female genital mutilation (FGM), with four million currently at risk in 2020 alone. Local governments will face a second fiscal crisis if property values fall, leading to a decline in property taxes. , Becher M. Despite formal UN and European Commission commitments to improve gender imbalances, progress towards gender equality in wealth and pay has progressed at a discouragingly slow pace in recent decades. , McGlade J. The global report on Gender Equality in Public Administration (GEPA) report provides an overview of key trends and analysis on women's participation and leadership in public administration, based on evidence from UNDP and the University of Pittsburgh's ground-breaking GEPA database. Both for self-interested and humanitarian reasons, the United States could lead the G-20 in generous contributions to a major new COVID-19 fund that is open to all poor countries. This paper reviews the evidence on the gender dimension of the pandemic by showing how public policy is shaping gender gaps in times of COVID-19 and how women leadership can play a role in dealing with the pandemic. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the It asserts that the COVID-19 crisis is a watershed moment for gender equality in the MENA region and an opportunity to rethink women's . Sometimes they stem from wars, sometimes from environmental degradation, sometimes from technological innovations, sometimes from revolutionary ideas and sometimes from pandemics. Although existing health data shows that men are more likely to die from the Covid-19 . The capacity to transform unsustainable development pathways into more sustainable ones through disempowerment of incumbents vested in unjust aspects of the status quo. On the basis of casebased reporting under the International - Health Regulations (2005), 2. as of 6 May 2020, only 40% (or 1 434 793) of 3 588 773 globally reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported to WHO with age and sex disaggregation. Are these policy measures gender neutral? Instead, it now appears that global emissions may have peaked last year, in 2019. The new PMC design is here! The gender dimension of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of researchers and policymakers. More than 7 million people have been infected in less than six months, more than 400,000 people have died, and many more deaths will occur even if effective vaccines or treatments are eventually found. Given that, as I pointed out in the previous section, income support programs are expected to be beneficial for women, a natural question is whether countries led by women have been more oriented towards public policy which support income of workers and families, thus potentially alleviating the economically weaker groups of population, including women. Gender Gaps in the Labor Market during COVID-19 The public health crisis of COVID-19 has rapidly turned into a job crisis ( OECD 2020 ), with crucial economic consequences. We can wish for an opening up but if our kids are homeif we havent figured out the school and even college issuethen it all seems rather besides the point. The paper is organized as follows: next section analyzes the effects of COVID-19 on gender gaps in the labor market, Section 3 explores the changes in family relationships induced by COVID-19, Section 4 explains how public policy measures introduced to react to COVID-19 can affect gender equality, and Section 5 how women leadership can affect outcomes. Many countries had to stop sectors of their economy in order to contain the spread of the virus. A new McKinsey analysis shows that women's jobs are 1.8 times more vulnerable during the coronavirus pandemic than men's jobs: Women make up 39% of global employment but account for 54% of . According to Institute for Policy Studies analysis of Forbes data, the combined wealth of all U.S. billionaires increased by $2.071 trillion (70.3 percent) between March 18, 2020 and Ocobter 15, 2021, from approximately $2.947 trillion to $5.019 trillion. However, they also argue that countries led by women are in general more focused on social equality and environmental issues in their policymaking, thus suggesting a problematic endogeneity issue, that is it is not womens leadership driving the outcome, but rather having a female leadership is itself the result of a socio-political context where health and social issues are more important. The courts, career public servants in Washington, and the military leadership are defending democracy. What these crises are first and foremost teaching us is that humans never were and are not resources. They argue that this different style of leadership is rooted into well-known behavioral evidence. From an economic point of view, understanding the causal impact of womens leadership on outcomes is a difficult task, yet necessary to draw policy conclusions (Profeta 2020). So out of this crisis, for all our divisions and distrust, should come a deep and broad debate over rules and norms about speech: who controls what we read and see and hear; how do we honor both freedom and fairness; what can we do to promote reliable information even as we prevent misinformation from spreading? So both the media and the platforms that control so much of our information ecosystem face a reckoning that was long overdue. Gender gaps depend crucially on the unequal division of housework and childcare. Nancy Gibbs is Lombard Director of the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy; Visiting Edward R. Murrow Professor of Practice. In this section, I review the (few) existing contributions on the role of female leadership in public policies. This paper presents a justification for the selection of indicators for the two dashboards, based on a comprehensive literature review, which give an overview of gender inequalities from the COVID-19 crisis that puts capabilities at risk as well as women's ability to face the effects of the pandemic and economic crisis. UN Women (2020a) Gender Equality: Women's Rights in Review 25 Years after Beijing. Society has already built a significant understanding of how to foster each of them, and has sometimes learned to integrate them in sustained programs that support deep and long-lasting social change. This paper explores the evidence on the gender dimension of the pandemic under a new perspective proposed by Profeta (2020), focused on the double relationship between gender equality and public policy: on one side, I show which policies can support gender equality in times of COVID-19 and, on the other side, I explore whether women leadership can promote successful measures. The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey & Michle Tertilt Working Paper 26947 DOI 10.3386/w26947 Issue Date April 2020 The economic downturn caused by the current COVID-19 outbreak has substantial implications for gender equality, both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery. By ARIESSA RAZALI. government site. 3. unique global dataset of close to 5,000 measures adopted by 226 countries and territories in response to COVID-19, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia and Oceania(PDF, 573KB), Europe and Northern America, Australia and New Zealand(PDF, 528KB), Latin America and the Caribbean (PDF, 573KB), Northern Africa and Western Asia (PDF, 477KB), United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UN Women impact stories: Women in leadership, Plan for Equal: Gender equality, social justice, and sustainability in the wake of COVID-19. The excellence of our faculty and rigor of our work inspire the stories we tell. . Future studies will evaluate the efficacy of these measures. When it comes to thinking about health misinformation on tech platforms, we must recognize how quickly peoples behaviors change when exposed to new information. The gender dimension of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of researchers and policymakers: while women seem to be less severely hit by the virus and are more compliant with the restricting rules imposed to reduce the spread of the contagion, they risk to suffer more the economic consequences of the pandemic, because they are more vulnerable on the labor market and because they are carrying on most of the burden of housework and childcare which increased substantially during the lockdown. The capacity to assure greater equity in access to that resource base and the flow of goods and services produced from it. Evidence is found that labour market outcomes of men and women were roughly equally affected at the extensive margin, as measured by the incidence of job loss or furloughing, but, if anything, women suffered smaller losses at the intensive margin, experiencing slightly smaller changes in hours and earnings. (2020), in the USA, a greater share of men (52%) than women (39%) work in telecommutable and/or critical occupations, suggesting that women are more exposed to unemployment risks during this crisis than in past recessions. The lack of clean water in many poorer towns and villages prevents effective handwashing techniques. Thus, the gender gap in within-household allocation of tasks decreases. States and municipalities are already taking steps to mitigate the damage. Job Flexibility and Work Schedules. This is not only because several jobs cannot be done at distance, but also because of the resistance of firms, which we now expect to be reduced after the recent massive experience. In an extraordinary shift from past positions, the G20, the United States, and even President Trump personally became actively involved in brokering a deal among OPEC members and other allied producers to agree to the largest oil production cut in history. Labor and community advocates organized immediate aid, but also spoke up for the least advantaged. Early in this crisis, the World Health Organization warned of an Infodemic people overwhelmed by information, some of it true, much of it not, that made it harder for anyone to know what to believe. Figure1 shows the distribution of the score of the economic support index in the countries led by men and by women. Global institutions, transnational networks, and assorted non-state actors will still play important roles, but the present crisis will not produce a dramatic and enduring increase in global governance or significantly higher levels of international cooperation. I have been studying organizations that pursue social and environmental objectives alongside financial ones for more than a decade. The society is more comfortable with images and . Facing health crises, economic collapse, social and political disruption, we try to take stock of what the pandemic has done and will do. Sign up to spur new thinking. 4. The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality Titan Alon Matthias Doepke Jane Olmstead-Rumsey Michle Tertilt March 2020 Abstract The economic downturn caused by the current COVID-19 outbreak has substantial implications for gender equality, both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery. Its roots go back to 1999 and the Independent Inquiry into the murder of the black teenager Stephen Lawrence and findings of . Globally, female job loss rates resulting from COVID-19 are about 1.8 times higher than male job-loss rates. Relations among the major powers will continue the downward trend that was apparent before the pandemic struck. In this paper we discuss the nexus of health and gender inequalities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight its adverse impacts on women's health, welfare and social standing. They also conduct a qualitative analysis of governor briefings which show that female leadership was more effective than the male one. In the months since weve seen just how viral conspiracy theories can be, spread by those looking to divide us even further or profit from our fears. This time the revenue shortfall will be far deeper and will quickly deplete these funds. They explore the existence of significant and systematic differences by gender of the national leader in the number of COVID-cases and deaths in the first quarter of the pandemic. The capacities we list here are complementary, not competitive. COVID-19 is the most important development in my professional lifetime. Moreover, grandparents are discouraged to interact with children and thus they have reduced childcare. Do they promote or challenge gender equality? Thats good news for climate change, but economic recession is surely not a desirable approach to mitigating emissions. As we say in the manifesto itself, workers are not one type of stakeholder among many: they hold the keys to their employers success. 3:00 PM MYT. 3. Such disruptions invariably impoverish or kill some people, while opening opportunities for others. Local governments are now on the front line in fighting the pandemic: responsible for organizing local testing, contact tracing, treatment and isolation programs, buying protective equipment, and setting up a system to eventually deliver a vaccine. In the last recession, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included abundant use of such green incentives. The research I mentioned shows that flexibility of work (for mothers and fathers) improves worklife balance for women while, at the same time, it increases the involvement of men in housework and childcare. These impacts are mainlybut not exclusivelydue to the severe economic downturn that has been brought about by the response of governments, firms, and individuals to the pandemic. Meghan OSullivan is Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Relations. (, Coscieme L. (, Boniol M. These include restructuring their balance sheets, entering into regional recovery efforts, carefully examining operating costs, adopting job-shares, monetizing fixed assets, pruning overheads and working closely with community banks. Here are 5 core actions for gender equality that UNICEF is calling for and practicing in the COVID-19 response 1. A report out of the Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), "The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality," explores how coronavirus impacts gender equality in the short and long term, and it's no surprise that childcare accessibility and affordability play a key role in the labor changes we're seeing during this global pandemic.. (JEL codes: J16 and J18), The outbreak of the novel coronavirus has affected men and women worldwide. The first one is related to how women are affected economically and on the labor market. This. , Diallo K. Policies and public health efforts have not addressed the gendered impacts of disease outbreaks.1 The response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears no different. , Pons V. To the extent that this new equilibrium emerges, gender gaps are expected to reduce. https://literacytrust.org.uk/research-services/research-reports/children-and-young-peoples-reading-in-2020-before-and-during-the-COVID-19-lockdown/ (last accessed 30 August 2020). What I have seen in my research is that workplace democracy may well be critical to the success of corporations in the future. When people show up in emergency rooms after drinking bleach in hopes of preventing infection, or blame 5G, GMOs, or Bill Gates for the spread of the virus, we have failed to protect our information streams from lethal toxins. We document the effects of the covid-19 lockdown. Foremost, the . From the end of austerity policies to the worrying rise of compulsory digitalization, Harvard Kennedy School faculty see a world changed by the coronavirus pandemic. Real-time gender data on the impact of the pandemic on women and girls was critical to making the case for gender-sensitive response measures, as was tracking what worked in government responses. Some see a turning point at which China surpasses the United States as a global power. Thus, flexible work has unintended consequences on gender equality, even in normal times, which can be recognized and exploited. This cratering of demand led to a dramatic decrease in prices, including a day in which the American benchmark for oil went into negative price territory. The paper explains that a typical recession . This paper has reviewed the evidence on the gender dimension of COVID-19. However, these works pose women at high risk of contagion. The 1918 pandemic, the 1929 economic decline, the 1968 social implosion and the Andrew Johnson presidency all at once is how its been described. Ricardo Hausmann is Rafik Hariri Professor of the Practice of International Political Economy. Effective public health response to a pandemic like Covid-19 requires gender-sensitive policies in areas that support and inform the response, such as employment, education, media and social services. Linda Bilmes is Daniel Patrick Moynihan Senior Lecturer in Public Policy. As the pandemic hit, like a slow-moving hurricane, many took shelter indoors and followed along closely online, where social media platforms amplified both truth and misinformation about COVID-19. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that employers can adapt and offer remote and flexible working arrangements, which may support both men and women in a manner that promotes greater equality across their working practices. , Lovins H. Questions about how to protect yourself and family from COVID-19 became a breeding ground for misinformation, where political polarization exacerbated an already contentious issue. , Fawaz Y. , Vala Ragnarsdottir K. In Italy, one of the countries more seriously hit by the pandemic, Del Boca etal. Combatting spread is difficult. Overall, COVID-19 gives the possibility to massively experience flexibility of work, in particular working at distance. luiza nassif-pires is a research scholar at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. In the current environment, we need to strengthen local communities by providing a flexible program of cash-flow assistance and long-term liquidity to states and localities. Paola Profeta, Gender Equality and Public Policy during COVID-19, CESifo Economic Studies, Volume 66, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 365375, https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifaa018, The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected men and women worldwide. This, in turn, may roll back gains in nutrition, education, and preventative health. Cal, X., R. Occhiuzzi and P. Profeta (2021), COVID-19 and its economic impact on women and womens poverty, FEMM European Parliament. This point introduces to the issue of family relationships which I develop further in the next section. As with other crises like natural disasters,1. Gender gaps in participation to the labor market and in hours worked are still high in OECD countries: on average, in 2019 the OECD labor force participation rate (1564years old) was 65.1 for women and for 80.6 men. Prepare for increases in gender-based violence throughout the COVID-19 outbreak. First, existing gender gaps on the labor market matter. Parents had to supervise home schooling and to arrange care for their children during the working day, making it very difficult for them to work full time. Farr, L., Y. Fawaz, L. Gonzlez and J. Graves (2020), How the Covid-19 lockdown affected gender inequality in paid and unpaid work in Spain. While we know that in general women have been so far less affected by the virus, there is no clear evidence that working women are in a better position than men in the fight against COVID-19, at least in terms of susceptibility. Not only public policy may support gender equality, but women leadership itself can be fundamental in promoting successful measures which, in turn, promote gender equality. Single mothers are particularly vulnerable. For example, preliminary results from UK by National Literacy Trust (2020) suggest that boys have done less school work during lockdown than girls. Women represent half of the population, they are key to family structure and early human capital accumulation, and they are more vulnerable to domestic violence, poverty, and single parenthood. Tech companies are slowly coming to the realization that its not just their corporate reputations at stake; its also our lives. Twenty-four countries are led by a man and 11 by a woman. The economic response to the pandemic by the United States and other advanced economies has been faster and larger than anything we have ever seen before, including both dramatic policies by central banks and extraordinary actions by fiscal policymakers. , De Vogli R. On a speculative counterfactual, imagine an American administration taking its cue from the post-1945 U.S. presidents I describe in Do Morals Matter? This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. The economic downturn caused by the current COVID-19 outbreak has substantial implications for gender equality, both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery. While childcare is more equally shared within the couple, housework is predominantly a female task. If the reaction to the pandemic turns out to be similar to what observed to the shock of school shooting, we expect a massive and costly negative impact in boys' and young males' educational outcomes that need to be addressed with adequate policies. The corresponding percentages for childcare are 77% for women and 60% for men. But, in the longer term, will we be able to create a better new normal? Anecdotal evidence suggests that women leaders have performed better than men in dealing with the emergency. States that entered the pandemic in a poor fiscal position are especially vulnerable. It is also worth noticing that these jobs and many others female dominated belong to the public sector, which offers more protection to workers than the private sector in times of recession. But critical questions remain, and debates are raging about whether the energy landscape will ever return to pre-COVID parameters. 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