Simple Security PropertyIn Simple Security Property a user cannot read data of a higher classification than their own. (n.d.). This confinement mechanism operates independently of the traditional Linux (discretionary) access control mechanisms. Backup tapes should be regularly tested to detect data corruption, malicious code and environmental damage. Adversaries may abuse a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or sniff network traffic to obtain a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket that may be vulnerable to Brute Force. Monitor for newly constructed files that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. EavesdroppingEavesdropping is simply listening to a private conversation which may reveal information which can provide access to a facility or network. Blue TeamThe people who perform defensive cybersecurity tasks, including placing and configuring firewalls, implementing patching programs, enforcing strong authentication, ensuring physical security measures are adequate and a long list of similar undertakings. SOCKS uses sockets to represent and keep track of individual connections. (n.d.). Non-RepudiationNon-repudiation is the ability for a system to prove that a specific user and only that specific user sent a message and that it hasn't been modified. Improve kernel security with the new Microsoft Vulnerable and Malicious Driver Reporting Center. Access Management AccessManagement is the [4], HyperStack can use default credentials to connect to IPC$ shares on remote machines. CookieData exchanged between an HTTP server and a browser (a client of the server) to store state information on the client side and retrieve it later for server use. It packages your computer's TCP/IP packets and forwards them to the server where they can actually be put on the Internet. chcon,[19] Gnutella acts as a server for sharing files while simultaneously acting as a client that searches for and downloads files from other users. Rootkit examples Stuxnet. G0034 : Sandworm Team : RouterRouters interconnect logical networks by forwarding information to other networks based upon IP addresses. [11], During Operation Wocao, threat actors used PowerSploit's Invoke-Kerberoast module to request encrypted service tickets and bruteforce the passwords of Windows service accounts offline. Token-Based DevicesA token-based device is triggered by the time of day, so every minute the password changes, requiring the user to have the token with them when they log in. (n.d.). Network monitoring offers several advantages over traditional host-based intrusion detection systems. Operation Dust Storm. The victim must then pay a ransom to decrypt the files and gain access to them again. Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol (L2F)An Internet protocol (originally developed by Cisco Corporation) that uses tunneling of PPP over IP to create a virtual extension of a dial-up link across a network, initiated by the dial-up server and transparent to the dial-up user. Log ClippingLog clipping is the selective removal of log entries from a system log to hide a compromise. Full DuplexA type of duplex communications channel which carries data in both directions at once. Fully-Qualified Domain NameA Fully-Qualified Domain Name is a server name with a hostname followed by the full domain name. DS0022: File: File Modification: Monitor for changes made to files for unexpected modifications to access permissions and attributes It Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)The set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page. Autonomous SystemOne network or series of A router usually receives a packet from a network and decides where to forward it on a second network. storage area) than it was intended to hold. Network-Based IDSA network-based IDS system monitors the traffic on its network segment as a data source. IP SpoofingThe technique of supplying a false IP address. [4]. Resource ExhaustionResource exhaustion attacks involve tying up finite resources on a system, making them unavailable to others. Strong Star PropertyIn Strong Star Property, a user cannot write data to higher or lower classifications levels than their own. Fragment OffsetThe fragment offset field tells the sender where a particular fragment falls in relation to other fragments in the original larger packet. One of the most notorious rootkits in history is Stuxnet, a malicious computer worm discovered in 2010 and believed to have been in development since 2005. A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to maintain a This is because an Internet header may be up to 60 octets, and the minimum fragment is 8 octets. [3][4] The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Network, a pioneer packet-switched network that was built in the early Dynamic Routing ProtocolAllows network devices to learn routes. Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Monitor for API calls that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. SignatureA Signature is a distinct pattern in network traffic that can be identified to a specific tool or exploit. DumpSecDumpSec is a security tool that dumps a variety of information about a system's users, file system, registry, permissions, password policy, and services. By providing this information, you agree to the processing of your personal data by SANS as described in our Privacy Policy. Crossover CableA crossover cable reverses the pairs of cables at the other end and can be used to connect devices directly together. BiometricsBiometrics use physical characteristics of the users to determine access. Typical policy rules consist of explicit permissions, for example, which domains the user must possess to perform certain actions with the given target (read, execute, or, in case of network port, bind or connect), and so on. Microsoft. providers (ISP). Active ContentProgram code embedded in the fixfiles,[24] Created by just a handful of programmers, Unix was designed to be a small, flexible system used exclusively by programmers. restorecond,[21] Basic telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity might need turning on to continue some, but not all primary site operations. In some cases, a "zero day" exploit is referred to an exploit for which no patch is available yet. Simple Integrity PropertyIn Simple Integrity Property a user cannot write data to a higher integrity level than their own. The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a publicly available specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware.UEFI replaces the legacy Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) boot firmware originally present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers, with most UEFI firmware implementations providing support for legacy Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Virtual Private Network (VPN)A restricted-use, logical (i.e., artificial or simulated) computer network that is constructed from the system resources of a relatively public, physical (i.e., real) network (such as the Internet), often by using encryption (located at hosts or gateways), and often by tunneling links of the virtual network across the real network. Inetd (xinetd)Inetd (or Internet Daemon) is an application that controls smaller internet services like telnet, ftp, and POP. Suspicious program execution as autostart programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data to increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement. Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Radiation MonitoringRadiation monitoring is the process of receiving images, data, or audio from an unprotected source by listening to radiation signals. (2019, September 23). T1, T3A digital circuit using TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing). Activity MonitorsActivity monitors aim to Sometimes called the syntax layer. Whereas SELinux re-invents certain concepts to provide access to a more expressive set of policy choices, AppArmor was designed to be simple by extending the same administrative semantics used for DAC up to the mandatory access control level. Session HijackingTake over a session that someone else has established. Standard ACLs (Cisco)Standard ACLs on Cisco routers make packet filtering decisions based on Source IP address only. OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. Non-Human-Readable Logs. System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment, and also to an extent in normal network operations. UserA person, organization entity, or automated process that accesses a system, whether authorized to do so or not. Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service[3]). JitterJitter or Noise is the modification of fields in a database while AuthorizationAuthorization is the approval, permission, or empowerment for someone or something to do something. The actual pulses used as a preamble vary depending on the network communication technology in use. Chain of CustodyChain of Custody is the important application of the Federal rules of evidence and its handling. amount of time. Hardware is ordered, shipped and installed, and software is loaded. The resulting policy file can be loaded into the kernel to make it active. The earliest work directed toward standardizing an approach providing mandatory and discretionary access controls (MAC and DAC) within a UNIX (more precisely, POSIX) computing environment can be attributed to the National Security Agency's Trusted UNIX (TRUSIX) Working Group, which met from 1987 to 1991 and published one Rainbow Book (#020A), and produced a formal model and associated evaluation evidence prototype (#020B) that was ultimately unpublished. Class 1: UEFI with a CSM interface and no external UEFI interface. togglesebool[30] (2016, February 23). Retrieved February 11, 2019. Some are designed only to be read by system applications. Unlike static packet filtering, which examines a packet based on the information in its header, stateful inspection examines not just the header information but also the contents of the packet up through the application layer in order to determine more about the packet than just information about its source and destination. [14] As of version 11.1, openSUSE contains SELinux "basic enablement". Stateful inspection is a firewall architecture that works at the network layer. Also see "fuzzing". Logic bombs may also be set to go off on a certain date or when a specified set of circumstances occurs. By doing this repeatedly, all available processes on the machine can be taken up. OSI layersThe main idea in OSI is that the process of communication between two end points in a telecommunication network can be divided into layers, with each layer adding its own set of special, related functions. They can make filtering decisions based on IP addresses (source or destination), Ports (source or destination), protocols, and whether a session is established. The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)A protocol for communication between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a server. [2][1] [7], This same behavior could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic. The client generates a one-time password by applying the MD4 cryptographic hash function multiple times to the user's secret key. Certificate-Based AuthenticationCertificate-Based Authentication is the use of SSL and certificates to authenticate and encrypt HTTP traffic. In Information warfare it is the ability to attack or defend within an Internet environment. It also has active programs for encouraging and assisting industry and science to develop and use these standards. Autonomous System Number (ASN). Digital EnvelopeA digital envelope is an encrypted message with the encrypted session key. Logic bombsLogic bombs are programs or snippets of code that execute when a certain predefined event occurs. CronCron is a Unix application that runs jobs for users and administrators at scheduled times of the day. Retrieved March 23, 2018. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an Intranet or an Extranet). Daily or weekly data synchronization usually occurs between the primary and warm site, resulting in minimum data loss. Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools, Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription, Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness, Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable, Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking, File and Directory Permissions Modification, Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification, Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification, Clear Network Connection History and Configurations, Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution, Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation, Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates, Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol. Due DiligenceDue diligence is the requirement that organizations must develop and deploy a protection plan to prevent fraud, abuse, and additional deploy a means to detect them if they occur. Retrieved January 22, 2021. Bastion HostA bastion host has been hardened in anticipation of vulnerabilities that have not been discovered yet. Failover occurs within hours or days, following a disaster. Ping SweepAn attack that sends ICMP echo requests ("pings") to a range of IP addresses, with the goal of finding hosts that can be probed for vulnerabilities. PacketA piece of a message transmitted over a packet-switching network. Specified in a standard, IEEE 802.3, an Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. [2], Ensure strong password length (ideally 25+ characters) and complexity for service accounts and that these passwords periodically expire. Web ServerA software process that runs on a host computer connected to the Internet to respond to HTTP requests for documents from client web browsers. It contains fully redundant hardware and software, with telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity to continue all primary site operations. OSIOSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network. ConfidentialityConfidentiality is the need to ensure that information is disclosed only to those who are authorized to view it. Stateful InspectionAlso referred to as dynamic packet filtering. Wireless Application ProtocolA specification for a set of communication protocols to standardize the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be used for Internet access, including e-mail, the World Wide Web, newsgroups, and Internet Relay Chat. ForestA forest is a set of Active Directory domains that replicate their databases with each other. ResponseA response is information sent that is responding to some stimulus. The term daemon is a Unix term, though many other operating systems provide support for daemons, though they're sometimes called other names. Poison ReverseSplit horizon with poisoned reverse (more simply, poison reverse) does include such routes in updates, but sets their metrics to infinity. Denial of ServiceThe prevention of authorized access to a system resource or the delaying of system operations and functions. Monitor access to file resources that contain local accounts and groups information such as /etc/passwd, /Users directories, and the SAM database. Circuit Switched NetworkA circuit switched network is where a single continuous physical circuit connected two endpoints where the route was immutable once set up. FingerprintingSending strange packets to a system in order to gauge how it responds to determine the operating system. However, the key that it produces may be used for encryption, for further key management operations, or for any other cryptography.

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