Diabetologia. Type and distribution of the data used. In [1]: #Importing necessary libraries import sklearn as sk import pandas as pd import numpy as np import scipy as sp. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly The interaction analysis results were presented in Table 5. Fagg J, Valabhji J. The authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest in the study, or in the authorship and publication of this article. Data will be made available on reasonable request. In parametric methods like student's t-test and ANOVA test, significance level is calculated using mean and standard deviation, and to calculate standard deviation in each group, at least two observations are required. Kim HY. Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ, Groenwold RHH, et al. Use of a PCR assay to assess the prevalence and risk factors for Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum in cats in the United Kingdom. Prevalence of hemoplasma infection in goats, as determined by use of the qPCR assay, was 18% (95% CI, 14% to 22%), and 61% (95% CI, 47% to 73%) of farms had at least 1 hemoplasma-infected goat. By using this website, you agree to our conceptualized the topic. 36. Lasko, T.A., J.G. J Diabetes Res. According to the relevant regulations of the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, the retrospective study can apply for exemption of informed consent of patient, so this study applied for exemption of informed consent of patient and was approved. The presence of sheep on goat farms was found to have a protective effect against a positive result for the qPCR assay in samples obtained from goats, although the finding was not significant (Table 2). 2010;12(4):2128. The P-value<0.05 (two-tailed) was set for statistical significance. Dai, W.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, S. Baseline levels of serum high sensitivity C reactive protein and lipids in predicting the residual risk of cardiovascular events in Chinese population with stable coronary artery disease: A prospective cohort study. (2000) Better Decisions through Science. The transmission of a sheep strain of Eperythrozoon ovis to goats and the development of a carrier state in the goat. 14. The results of RERI, AP indicated a significant interaction of LAP and abdominal obesity, but the result of SI did not. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. published in the various research areas of the journal. (1): 2008/12/25Confusion MatrixLogisticSASSensitiveitySpecificity LogisticConfusion Matrix nov.) infection in sheep. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured with participants in a sitting position, using a corrected mercury sphygmomanometer in the right arm. However, studies of alpacas confirmed to be chronic carriers of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae did not detect a significant association between bacterial load and clinical signs or anemia,33 and no correlation was detected between PCV and positive results for a qPCR assay.34 In general, chronic hemoplasma infection in an otherwise healthy animal does not lead to overt disease and anemia. 746/753 [1] 0.9907039. Several population-based studies have emphasized the association between LAP and metabolic diseases in different countries [24,25,26], but there are few studies to investigate the association between LAP and diabetes in China. Aust Vet J 1991; 68: 170173. Clin Nutr Res. The last table is the most important one for our logistic regression analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. (2006) Receiver operating characteristic curves and related decision measures: a tutorial. Body mass index (BMI) is the recommended indicator to assess and diagnose obesity [11, 12], and in assessement related in adults with diabetes [13], but there is increasing evidence indicating that BMI is not the ideal body fat index [14], it has limitation to differentiate fat and muscle mass and can not reflect central obesity. We can see that the AUC for this particular logistic regression model is .948, which is extremely high. about navigating our updated article layout. For statistical comparisons, 3 age groups were created: < 2 years old (n = 106), 2 to < 8 years old (232), and 8 years old (22). Available at: usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/SheeGoat/2010s/2014/SheeGoat-01-31-2014.pdf. 4roc abca; bbacc background: #ddd; The study was supported by Bengbu Health Board and approved by the Ethics Committee of Bengbu Medical College. # Let's see the sensitivity of our logistic regression model TP / float(TP+FN) 0.7379679144385026 # Let us calculate specificity TN / float(TN+FP) 0.7228571428571429 We can see that the value of Sensitivity and Specificity are close to each other for optimum . The significant difference is that PPV and NPV use the prevalence of a condition to determine the likelihood of a test diagnosing that specific disease. Most of these patients were admitted for coronary heart disease (CHD), HF and hypertension; therefore, patients in the control group also have a high prevalence of CHD (65%) and a history of previous related drug use. which is the extension of the student's t-test are used to compare the means among three or more groups. As we can see from the plot above, this logistic regression model does a pretty good job of classifying the data into categories. } Samples from goats infected with M ovis were used to assess the ability of the qPCR assay to detect replicates with Cq values < 34.0 and > 34.0. Ayundini G, Astrella C, Tahapary D, et al. Mason, S.J. ; et al. PubMed Central Xu Y, Wang L, He J, et al. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; [] For example, in the regression analysis, when our outcome variable is categorical, logistic permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. display: flex; 2018;18(1):33. de Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, et al. display: flex; Weijiao S, Song Q, He L, et al. Schiller, G.J. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between intraprocedural BP variability (BPV) and outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) following MT with general anaesthesia. CAS Multivariable logistic analysis showed that age, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and platelet (PLT) were independent risk factors for HCC development, and a new model encompassing age, GGT, and PLT was superior to NSSs (all P 0.05). Methods are logistic regression analysis, survival analysis, and receiver operating characteristics curve. 29. The following confusion matrix summarizes the predictions made by the model: To calculate the balanced accuracy of the model, well first calculate the sensitivity and specificity: Kahn HS. Transmission of infection by several blood-feeding arthropods14,15,a as well as by blood-contaminated equipment has been reported. The experimental transmission of Eperythrozoon ovis by mosquitoes (abstr). Medical Statistics: A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis and Clinical Appraisal. Swets, J.A., Dawes, R., and Monahan, J. Most of the farms were located in rural and suburban settings and consisted of goats raised for noncommercial purposes, as determined by one of the authors (AEB). A herd prevalence of 61% (37/61) in the present study was, to the authors' knowledge, the first estimated herd prevalence determined by use of an appropriate sample size. The impact of family history of diabetes and lifestyle factors on abnormal glucose regulation in middle-aged Swedish men and women. Further studies should pay more attention to the gender and age differences of LAP and the mechanisms of interactive effect on IFG and diabetes risk. Hornok S, Hajts I, Meli ML, et al. ROCReceiver operating characteristic curve, ROCROCmachine learningdata mining, ROC, threshold0~20014090, (X=FPR, Y=TPR) Metab Syndr Relat Disord. Strasak AM, Zaman Q, Pfeiffer KP, Gbel G, Ulmer H. Statistical errors in medical research: A review of common pitfalls. 37. This value is fairly high, which indicates that the model does a good job of classifying the data into Pass and Fail categories. 2022 American Veterinary Medical Association. Height and weight were measured with the participants to take off their shoes and wear lightweight clothing by trained investigators using calibrated weighing scales. SII have a potential clinical application value in the clinical evaluation of patients with HFpEF in the follow-up, especially in areas with limited medical resources, as they are more convenient and cost effective. Sensitivity and specificity values for BMI, WC, WHtR and LAP were shown in Fig. Guide to Logistic Regression in R, different techniques and broad explanation on different methods used in Logistic Regression in R. To compute Sensitivity and Specificity. ROCReceiver operating characteristic curve, ROCROCmachine learningdata mining, ROC, threshold0~20014090, (X=FPR, Y=TPR) Hypercholesteremia was diagnosed as TC5.72mmol/L. Ann Palliat Med. If the views of the two physicians were inconsistent, consult a third physician. 2010;87(1):414. How to Create a Survival Curve in Excel Endocr Pract. Joint Committee for Chinese Adult Dyslipidemia Prevention and Guidelines Formulation. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. Goats used for dairy purposes had a significantly (P = 0.004) higher prevalence of hemoplasma infection (3.3-fold increase; 95% CI, 1.5- to 7.3-fold), compared with the prevalence in goats used for meat (Table 2). Obese-inflammatory phenotypes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. bursa. Howard GW. [9] Logistic regression analysis is used to predict the categorical outcome variable using independent variable(s). Three measurements of SBP and DBP were required for each subject after a 10min rest, and the subjects BP was calculated as the average of the three measurements. Meanwhile, 2672 hypertension residents were excluded to select for the normotension individuals. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. ; Iwamoto, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wilson, R.M. Selection of the appropriate statistical methods is very important for the quality research. Logistic Regression on SPSS 1 Suppose we are interested in investigating predictors of incident hypertension. Statology Study is the ultimate online statistics study guide that helps you study and practice all of the core concepts taught in any elementary statistics course and makes your life so much easier as a student. Mean Cq was 32.1 (range, 26.4 to 34.0), and mean melting temperature was 74.6C. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. 7. In the study reported here, mean bacterial load for 65 goats was 13.1 copy numbers/L of blood (range, 1 to 185 copy numbers/L of blood). Neimark H, Hoff B, Ganter M. Mycoplasma ovis comb. J Diabetes Complications. Vaduganathan, M.; Ambrosy, A.P. 2005;5:26. Borlaug, B.A. Blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fasting for more than 8h from the subjects, the serum was isolated within 2h. The measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) was performed using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Modular P800, Switzerland). ; Ibrahim, N.E. A report in China demonstrated that nearly 148.2 million adults were suffering from IFG [6], it is more likely for IFG patients to further progress to diabetes. When data is continuous with non-normal distribution or any other types of data other than continuous variable, nonparametric methods are used. World Health Organization. 1, the prevalence of IFG and diabetes gradually increased across LAP quartiles (P for trend<0.001 for both groups). The lowest concentration of a primer that did not cause dimer formation and had a low Cq value was selected. Google Scholar. Left atrial systolic diameter (LADs), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and late-to-early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (A/E) were measured by improved Simpson method. Peer J. PubMed There was amplification of the targeted sequence for the housekeeping gene GAPDH for all DNA samples, which indicated successful DNA extraction. This type of Identification of a haemomycoplasma species in anemic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). You seem to have javascript disabled. It is also known that bacterial concentrations in the blood fluctuate during the course of a hemoplasma infection; at their nadir, the concentrations may not be detected by use of microscopy. Ohtake Y, Nishizawa I, Sato M, et al. 16. The adjusted OR of individuals with the highest LAP and family history of diabetes (2.820, 95%CI: 2.362 to 3.368) possessed the highest risk of getting IFG and diabetes as compared with the lowest LAP and non-family history subjects, the results of RERI (1.538, 95%CI: 0.167 to 3.612), AP (0.375, 95%CI: 0.118 to 0.631) and SI (1.980, 95%CI: 1.206 to 3.251) indicated a significant interaction effect of LAP and family history of diabetes on IFG and diabetes. National Library of Medicine Subjects with the higher quartiles of LAP and family history were more likely to develop IFG and diabetes than those with the first quartile and non-family history. PROCEDURES Primers were designed for amplification of a fragment of the dnaK gene of M ovis by use of a qPCR assay. Parasitology 1975;71:xxxiii. Variable: active_cust: No. Eur J Epidemiol. The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest. An additional 60 samples with Cq values > 34.0 (range, 34.1 to 39.9; mean, 35.5) and mean melting temperature of 74.7C were categorized as indeterminate. Iqbal, N.; Wentworth, B.; Choudhary, R.; Landa Ade, L.; Kipper, B.; Fard, A.; Maisel, A.S. Cardiac biomarkers: New tools for heart failure management. The area under the ROC curve ranges from 0.5 and transmitted securely. JAMA. ; Filippatos, G.S. Google Scholar. 8th ed. PubMed Nonetheless, our primary goal was to demonstrate that SII are a readily available, widely used, and inexpensive tool for the auxiliary diagnosis of HF and evaluation of the condition in patients with HFpEF, especially LMR. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Tasker S, Binns SH, Day MJ, et al. There were statistically significant differences in NLR, PLR, LMR and NT-proBNP levels between NYHA I and NYHA II-IV groups, but not in FAR, AGR, MHR, WMR, CHR and LVEF levels. Article Google Scholar. ; de Denus, S.; Felker, G.M. Xia, Y.; Lee, K.; Li, N.; Corbett, D.; Mendoza, L.; Frangogiannis, N.G. The procedure of this survey is in accordance with the principles of the 1983 Declaration of Helsinki. Diagnostic accuracy of the test method is calculated as compared with another method (usually as compared with gold standard method). SL and SYQ performed the statistical analysis and interpreted the results. [6,7,8] [Table 2]. Glezeva, N.; Horgan, S.; Baugh, J.A. Tromp, J.; Westenbrink, B.D. COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND Nascimento-Ferreira MV, Rendo-Urteaga T, Vilanova-Campelo RC, et al. Dyslipidemia prevention and guidelines for Chinese Adults. School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China, Li Shu,Yanqi Shen,Linlin Jia&Jiaye Zhang, Bengbu Health Board, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China, You can also search for this author in There is a decrease in immune function during the periparturient period in sheep.36,37 However, a larger sample size consisting of lactating and nonlactating goats would be needed to further investigate this relationship. International traditional Chinese medicine guideline for diagnostic and treatment principles of diabetes. As shown in Fig. If our DBP variable is normally distributed, mean value is our representative measure and null hypothesis stated that mean DBP values of the three age groups are statistically equal. It is done by plotting threshold values simultaneously in the ROC curve. Acute infections are characterized by hemolytic anemia12 and decreased exercise tolerance.16 Chronic hemoplasma infections are characterized by a reduction in body weight and ill thrift and are believed to be the main source of infection within a herd. To select the appropriate statistical method, one need to know the assumption and conditions of the statistical methods, so that proper statistical method can be selected for data analysis. Correspondence to 2019;27S(Suppl):S13946. Adamopoulos, S.; Parissis, J.T. Certainly, echocardiography is an important tool in the diagnosis and evaluation of HfpEF and is indispensable in the initial diagnosis of HfpEF, as it is the method of choice to assess diastolic function, which is at the core of the diagnosis of HfpEF. The qPCR amplicons were separated by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel and were subsequently stained with ethidium bromide. Wrong or inappropriate use of statistical methods may lead to defective conclusions, finally would harm the evidence-based practices. A wrong selection of the statistical method not only creates some serious problem during the interpretation of the findings but also affects the conclusion of the study. Inferential statistical methods fall into two possible categorizations: parametric and nonparametric. Suppose we want to compare the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between three age groups (years) (<30, 30--50, >50). [2] Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis: descriptive statistics, which summarizes data using indexes such as mean, median, standard deviation and another is inferential statistics, which draws conclusions from data using statistical tests such as student's t-test, ANOVA test, etc.[3]. Firstly, data was presented as the meanstandard deviation for continuous variable and percentage for categorical variable, the differences in continuous or categorical variable between NFG, IFG and diabetes groups were compared by One-way ANOVA test or Chi-squared test. Mycoplasma ovis and Candidatus Mycoplasma hemovis have been found to infect sheep and goats, whereas M ovis-like organisms have been identified in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), South American deer (Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana, and Mazama americana), and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus).36 Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of M ovis and Candidatus Mycoplasma hemovis has revealed several nucleotide mismatches and a 17-bp deletion in the sequence of Candidatus Mycoplasma hemovis,7 which results in 97% identity between these 2 organisms. 19. de Faria Valle S, Messick JB, dos Santos AP, et al. Bhagwat, K.H. To assess how well a logistic regression model fits a dataset, we can look at the following two metrics: Sensitivity: The probability that the model predicts a positive outcome for an observation when indeed the outcome is positive.. ; Kremastinos, D.T. Not surprisingly, microscopy in the study reported here was found to be insensitive for detecting hemoplasma infections in goats with low bacteremia. 2017;51(5):41520 (Article in Chinese). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), the two important evaluation indexes of cardiac function, have some limitations in the use of assessing cardiac function in the follow-up of patients with HFpEF. Armitage P, Berry G, Matthews JNS. ; Drazner, M.H. Community-contributed commands , ROC (0,1)X=0 Y=1 100% (0, 0) (1, 1) , 100100, ROCFPRTPR, A g/dLC g/dLthresholdB, 1. Hence, it is necessary to search the risk factors and analyze how synergisms between them to influence the development of IFG and diabetes. 6. Lee JW, Lim NK, Park HY. Karan J. When the universal eubacterial primers were used, a band with the expected size was present for all of the tested bacteria, which indicated successful DNA extraction. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as therapeutic targets in heart failure. Sheep and goats. For example, Mann--Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test are used for student's t-test while Kruskal--Wallis H test, median test, and Friedman test are alternative methods of the F test (ANOVA). Li R, Li Q, Cui M, et al. 22. 20. However, patients with HfpEF in areas lacking medical resources need more economical and convenient objective evaluation metrics, especially in long-term follow-up. The prevalence of IFG and diabetes gradually increased across LAP quartiles, the values in the fourth quartile of LAP were dramatically higher than in the first quartile (12.6% vs. 5.9%, 20.8% vs. 8.9%, respectively), and this conclusion was consistent with other similar studies in China. This retrospective observational study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (No. PubMed Community-contributed commands Evaluation and management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. It was found that LAP value could be used to diagnose IFG and diabetes risk (AUC=0.650; P=0.007). The following step-by-step example shows how to create All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. For 25. Mean SD PCV for goats with positive and negative results for the qPCR assay was 26.9 4.6% and 27.2 5.2%, respectively. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. The Fisher exact test was used to assess whether anemia status was associated with a positive result for the qPCR assay. R.W. statement and Prabhu, S.D. 2020;9(2):14556. Secondly, we did not identify different cutoff values for LAP according to sex, age and nutritional status categories. Sensitivity analysis was conducted and publication bias was assessed. Reports about the prevalence of M ovis infection in goats determined by use of molecular methods are scarce. 4roc abca; bbacc BMJ Open. A forward (5-ATT GAA TCA GGT CAG CCA AA-3) and reverse (5-TCC ATC AGA AAC ATC AAG CA-3) primer were designedc on the basis of a fragment of the dnaK gene of M ovis strain Michigan (GenBank accession No. This outcome raised questions as to whether confounding variables were influencing the relationship between the presence of sheep on goat farms and goats having a positive result for the qPCR assay. To detect the significant difference between the means/medians/mean ranks/proportions, at minimum level of confidence (usually 95%) and power of the test (usually 80%), how many individuals/subjects (sample size) are required depends on the detected effect size. Aust Vet J 1979; 55: 605. Wiley Blackwell, BMJ Books; 2014. Silva, N.; Bettencourt, P.; Guimares, J.T. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, BMI28 was defined as general obesity [34]. Ustulin M, Rhee SY, Chon S, et al. Mycoplasma ovis detected in free-living Japanese serows, Capricornis crispus. The prevalence of diabetes and IFG was 14.33% and 9.37% in this population- based survey, with other studies reported in China, the prevalence of diabetes was as high as 30.6% in Heilongjiang and 17.9% in Jilin, whereas in some provinces the prevalence was as low as 3.6% in Yunnan and 5.9% in Zhejiang and 12.5% in Hunan [45].

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