reported for sublethal or ambiguously lethal effects. Samples sweat, and by normal sloughing of the skin. Pesticides containing copper sulfate monohydrate and/or Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep following the use of copper sulfate as a fungicide on fruit trees. Posted by October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide physical or chemical change October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide physical or chemical change The sulfate ion is made up of a sulfur atom bonded to four oxygen atoms and is treated as one ion (SO 4 2). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. and vomiting at exposure 3 mg Cu/L. What happens when you mix copper sulfate and sodium chloride? It can be In mollusks, copper sulfate disrupts surface epithelia function and peroxidase enzymes. Shivanandappa, T.; Krishnakumari, M. K.; Majumder, S. K. Testicular atrophy in Gallus domesticus fed acute doses of copper Women absorb more copper than men below the age of 60, but there were no differences in older people. What will happen if I mix copper (II) sulfate and sodium carbonate? Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in baking powder because on heating it thermally decomposes releasing carbon dioxide gas that gives the 'rising' action in baking. in France after application of 50 kg copper sulfate. Cu(SO4)*(H2O)5 is much darker blue than Cu(SO4). Pigs were fed copper sulfate pentahydrate at copper concentrations of 0, 250 and 425 ppm Cu for 48 to 79 days. The dermal Is mixing copper sulfate and sodium carbonate a chemical change? Copper (II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate, copper sulfate, blue vitriol, [1] or bluestone, [1] is a chemical compound. Laying hens were fed copper sulfate at concentrations of 78 ppm Cu and 1437 ppm Cu for 2 weeks. concentrations were 10-600 g/g. The emulsifying ability of the naturally occurring surfactant deoxycholic acid (DCA) was improved by dynamic interaction with nanometric layered particles, layered double hydroxide (LDH). about the meaning of various cancer classification descriptors listed in this fact sheet, please visit the Henderson, B. M.; Winterfield, R. W. Acute copper toxicosis in the Canada goose. This is a compound that contains 2 positively charged copper ions, 2 hydroxide ions, and a carbonate ion. It only takes a minute to sign up. Using mass of substance, M, and amount in moles. In two of three soils, citrus seedlings After copper is absorbed and bound to proteins, it is transported in blood throughout the body. Act quickly to prevent suck-back if the level of water collecting in the test-tube reaches the end of the delivery tube. Copper sulphate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a blue precipitate of copper hydroxide and sodium sulphate. decreasing soil pH, but accounted for less than 10% of the total copper. Copper(II) hydroxide | CuH4O2 | CID 30154 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Its chemical formula is CuSO 4. A. The U.S. EPA did not evaluate copper sulfate for carcinogenic effects because there was no conclusive evidence linking copper or copper salts to cancer development in animals that can normally regulate copper in their bodies. But We Know What to Do About It, Nagoya University : Admission 2023, Rankings, Fees, Courses at NagoyaU, Salisbury, MD List of Alcohol and Drug Rehab Centers, A Selyemt strtnete - Irodalomjegyzk |, (PDF) Corporate Responsibility Report 2016 - svb.comCORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT 2016. This experiment can be carried out in pairs by students. Topic 5: Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance, 8. be able to calculate reacting masses from chemical equations, and vice versa, using the concepts of amount of substance and molar mass, d) the terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation and calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results, 4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change, 4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibruim, 4.6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions. Gropper, S. A. S.; Smith, J. L.; Groff, J. L. Theophanides, T.; Anastassopoulou, J. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Their Chemical Abstracts Sixteen lambs ate a diet containing copper sulfate pentahydrate at a concentration of 15 ppm Cu for 88 days. Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. For the molecular equation, we predict the products. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. Copper sulfate occurs as the anhydride, a monohydrate, and, the pentahydrate, which is the form used as a fungicide or algicide. . Masser, M. P.; Murphy , T. R.; Shelton, J. L. Taylor; L, N.; McGeer; J, C.; Wood; C, M.; McDonald; D, G. Physiological effects of chronic copper exposure to rainbow trout This hydrated copper sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral called chalcanthite. Poisoning. latter is responsible for the toxic effects. Well, many compounds of copper are green. The copper ions present in copper sulfate react with the chloride ions belonging to concentrated hydrochloric acid, leading to the formation of tetrachlorocuprate(II). Read our privacy policy. Its formula is written as CuSO 4.5H 2 O. When their solutions are mixed with each other, a pale blue precipitate of basic copper hydroxide & a solution of neutral salt sodium sulphate will be formed. Wu, T.; Sempos, C. T.; Freudenheim, J. L.; Muti, P.; Smit, E. Serum iron, copper and zinc concentrations and risk of cancer mortality in US To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. of Pigs and Lambs. In an experiment, 15.95 g of copper sulphate reacted with 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide to form 9.75 g of copper hydroxide and 14.2 g of sodium sulphate. 2 What type of reaction occurs between copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions? Schienberg, H. I. How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? What type of reaction occurs between copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions? copper deficiency. animals. Mice were fed copper sulfate at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g/kg food for a month, and then mated. A dose of copper sulfate with 250 ppm Cu However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Copper Hydroxide. short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) health effects. Komunitastogelindonesia is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. the lung tissue. 6 What happens if I mix copper ( II ) sulfate and sodium carbonate? How do you find density in the ideal gas law. leakage. Perhaps in subsequent class discussion students could be asked why anhydrous copper(II) sulfate would not be a feasible fuel for the future. Copper sulphate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a blue precipitate of copper hydroxide and sodium sulphate. the two highest doses. In a strong hydroxide solution I'd expect the ppt to drag extra $\ce{OH^-}$ out of solution. Allow the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to cool back to room temperature. in a multi-site international study. Copper sulfate caused severe eye irritation from day 1 in rabbits that were exposed up to 21 days, and it was ranked as The following are indicators of chemical changes: Change in Temperature Put two drops of copper(II) sulfate solution into box 10. Harvey, L. J.; McArdle, H. J., Biomarkers of copper status: a brief update. Question: Is an iron metal mixed in Copper (II) Sulfate a chemical or physical change?Is Copper (II) Sulfate and sodium chloride mixed together a physical or chemical change?Is Copper (II) Sulfate & Sodium Hydroxide mixed together a physical or chemical change Soils that remained moist retained the most copper. What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? Usually , copper displays no rection with lower concentration of sodium hydroxide , unless temperature is high to facilitate faster reaction . The acute LD, Copper sulfate is not a skin irritant. 1.800.858.7378 npic@ace.orst.edu The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Copper sulfate is an inorganic salt that is highly soluble in water. This means that the reaction does not produce an insoluble solid . Set up the apparatus as shown (but without water in the receiving tube - this is to be collected during the experiment), placing about 5 g of powdered hydrated copper(II) sulfate in the test tube. This website uses cookies and similar technologies to deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and advertising. Let us look at a few of the physical properties of calcium hydroxide as listed below: Ca (OH)2 has a structure of hexagonal crystals. absorbed by passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS Glossary, 2009. https://www.epa.gov/iris/iris-glossary#r. Hydrous CuSO4 is not a bond. Hence, molarity of NaOH is 0.425M and molarity of HCl is 0.1169M. What happens when copper sulfate is mixed with sodium hydroxide? Shah, F.; Kazi, T. G.; Afridi, H. I.; Kazi, N.; Baig, J. Transition metal elements: general chemical properties (colour, variable valency, use as catalysts). Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. rev2023.3.3.43278. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. decisions. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The U.S. EPA classified copper as moderately toxic to birds based on the acute oral LD. Cancer: Government agencies in the United States and abroad have developed programs to evaluate the pesticide products. Practical Chemistry activities accompanyPractical PhysicsandPractical Biology. After ingestion of 20 to 100 mg/kg body weight of copper sulfate, sheep had diminished appetite, diarrhea, salivation, Sodium carbonate is the common chemical which has the common name washing soda and this compound is white crystalline in nature. Any change in these physical properties is referred to as a physical change. now. With excess ammonium hydroxide the precipitate gets dissolved. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#one. Radostits, O. M.; Gay, C. C.; Hinchcliff, K. W.; Constable, P.D. prenatal development and pregnancy outcome. milligrams (mg) of contaminant per liter (L) of water. Romeu-Moreno, A.; Aguilar, C.; Arola, L.; Mas, A. Pesti, G. M.; Bakalli, R. I. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2. Concentrations of Copper. The copper is then deposited in environment and in foods and water. Reactivity Series Group 1. Solutions containing copper Saar, R. A.; Weber, J. H. Fulvic acid: modifier of metal-ion chemistry. The formation of some cupric oxide ($\ce{CuO}$) would account for the appearance of an insoluble black precipitate. (. Araya, R.; Gomez-Mora, H.; Vera, R.; Bastidas, J. M. Human spermatozoa motility analysis in a Ringer's solution containing cupric ions. Copper sulfate can dissociate or dissolve in the environment releasing copper ions. 5 Was there a change in copper sulfate chemical composition? This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. How does Charle's law relate to breathing? The toxicity of copper to fish and other aquatic life depends on its bioavailability, which is strongly dependent on pH, the It can be converted into anhydrous copper sulphate when heated strongly. The anions tested were sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, and chloride. results. Comparable results were obtained after studying the fate of copper sulfate applied to the Saint Germain Les Belles reservoir The physical properties of addition and condensation polymers are related to their structure described by the . See our example GCSE Essay on Chemistry revision notes. Researchers added 774 g copper sulfate pentahydrate to channel catfish ponds over 16 weeks. Is monetary economics part of macroeconomics? This settles out under gravity to give a blue sediment and a colourless supernatant. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. There are water droplets on the walls of the boiling tube. B.; Hardy, W. T. Chronic Copper Poisoning in Sheep. You will get a pale blue-green precipitate. Frank T. Edelmann. decreased dramatically after 12 hours of ingestion. Sheep fed mixtures containing 5.3-9.9% copper sulfate pentahydrate ingested 0.645-1.660 g copper sulfate daily for 28 to Its formula is written as CuSO 4.5H 2 O. CuSO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) = Cu (OH)2 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq) Cu (OH)2 (s) + NaOH (aq) = no. Inhalation exposure may result in irritation of the respiratory tract, including corrosion of mucous membranes. kingswood school admissions. While the composition of a chemical substance is not altered by physical changes (such as freezing and evaporation), chemical changes, or reactions, result in the formation of new substances when bonds are formed and/or broken. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Copper ions appear to bind to Effect of copper deficiency on Chemical reactions involve breaking chemical bonds between reactant molecules (particles) and forming new bonds between atoms in product particles (molecules). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Step 9: Conclusion. body over a period of 70 days. Respiratory toxicity of copper. birth defects or reproductive toxicity) that may occur at levels below Lecyk, M. Toxicity of cupric sulfate in mice embryonic development. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. for human adults has been set at 900 g/day. The result is a pale blue precipitate, which is Cu (OH) 2(s). For example: hydrated copper sulfate (blue) anhydrous copper sulfate (white) + water. It has the potential to act as a catalyst in the formation of free radicals but it also Nearly So, as bond breaking is involved in the reaction, we can say that it is a chemical change. Effects also depend on the health > So, anhydrous copper sulfate is white in color. for sulfate. Hence, flavored beverages contaminated solution. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Pour 15-20 mL of copper II sulfate solution into a test tube so it is about full. Information about your use of this website will be shared with Google and other third parties. Calcium, carbon, copper, chromium, cobalt, chlorine, cesium, cadmium. The researchers concluded that irrigation water treated with copper sulfate as an algaecide could lead to soil Researchers calculated that 20% of the applied copper left Yes. I think you also have to consider "wet" vs "dry" Cu(OH)2. At the beginning of the experiment, the pure elemental form of copper (Cu) is oxidised by the silver nitrate . It was classified by the U.S. EPA as very low in toxicity for dermal irritation. Ferm, V. H.; Hanlon, D. P., Toxicity of Copper Salts in Hamster Embryonic Development. After cooling the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate formed is then rehydrated with the same water. these chemicals might affect humans, domestic animals, That hydrogen bonding is broken while we heat the compound. All concentrations resulted in The toxic dose of copper sulfate for cattle is 200-880 mg/kg. Otto-von . potential for a chemical to cause cancer. I tried reacting copper sulfate with sodium hydroxide to get copper hydroxide, which should precipitate, according to the following equation: NPIC no longer has the capacity to consistently update them. S. D. Copper deficiency as an anti-cancer strategy. Here, copper (II) sulfate (CuSO 4) is added to ammonia (NH 3 ). dehydration and abdominal pain. results. metals in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of normal and anemic children of two age groups. To visit our general fact sheets, click here. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This experiment is performed to test how Daphnia react when exposed to differing levels of copper sulfate so that we may understand what effects it has on underwater organisms. Readily soluble copper is the most phytotoxic Diseases associated with inorganic and farm chemicals - Primary Copper . This is called galvanization. A Computer Science portal for geeks. bluish skin or mucous membranes, delirium, and coma have been reported in patients who ingested up to 50 g of copper Flores-Vlez, L. M.; Ducaroir, J.; Jaunet, A. M.; Robert, M. Study of the distribution of copper in an acid sandy vineyard soil by three You have a clear colourless solution added to a lovely blue solution, and you get a blue precipitate. Soil types were not specified. Pizarro, F.; Olivares, M.; Uauy, R.; Contreras, P.; Rebelo, A.; Gidi, V. Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking For each pair of solutions, we note the ions present in the reactants, and write the cation-anion combinations if any of them are insoluble or soluble. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They will need to find out from a data book the standard enthalpies of formation for anhydrous and hydrated copper(II) sulfate, as well as that for water. Such reactions are called reversible reactions and are represented: A + B C + D. 4.7.4 The rate and extent of chemical change. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. fungicides. when the value is large. Students should observe the colour change from pale blue to white and the change back to blue when water is added. This reaction could be classified as a double displacement reaction or a neutralization reaction. Straus, D. L. The acute toxicity of copper to blue tilapia in dilutions of settled pond water. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. No data were found related to copper sulfate and endocrine disruption. Do not heat too strongly, nor allow the white colour to darken, as the copper sulfate may decompose to produce toxic sulfur oxides. Researchers administered copper sulfate dissolved in tap water at doses of 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/L for 2 weeks to groups of Yes, mass was conserved. NPIC is a cooperative agreement The zinc reacts with the hot sodium hydroxide solution to form soluble sodium zincate, Na 2 ZnO 2, which is converted to metallic zinc when it touches the surface of the penny. : Sodium hydroxide is the most widely used industrial alkali and is often used in drain and oven cleaners. Excess copper is excreted and not often stored in the body. A clear solution of Na2SO4 is produced . Word equation: Copper (II) Sulfate plus Sodium Hydroxide Copper (II) hydroxide + Sodium sulfate. presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and water chemistry such as the presence of calcium ions. 2NaOH + CuSO4 > Cu (OH)2 + Na2SO4. The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulfate.Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol. our disclaimer | Contact us | About NPIC | En espaol. does not reflect any effects from long-term exposure (i.e., cancer, and hormonal imbalances in women. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What is the velocity acquired by a freely falling object 5s after being dropped from a rest position what is the velocity 6s after? Copper in soil Equation of reaction. Adult roosters were exposed by intubation to copper sulfate doses of 200, 600, 800, 1200 and 1600 mg/kg body weight. The MCL is enforceable. In contrast to other studies with longer exposure times, this research did not find granulomas or fibrosis Haughey, M. A.; Anderson, M. A.; Whitney, R. D.; Taylor, W. D.; Losee, R. F. Forms and fate of Cu in a source drinking water reservoir Wilsons disease may provide insight into potential reproductive health effects of copper. This chemical reaction plates the copper in the penny with zinc. levels that could damage crops. There is when the half starts to change to purple color and after mixing it, it completely turns purple.chemical change. lethal concentration (LC50) that causes death (resulting July 5, 2021 UncategorizedLanguages. Buzio, L.; Tondel, M.; De Palma, G.; Buzio, C.; Franchini, I.; Mutti, A.; Axelson, O. Copper sulphate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a blue precipitate of copper hydroxide and sodium sulphate. 15 healthy adult women. It seems to me to change with the angle of my monitor, so I included the description given in the text;). Hullebusch, E. V.; Chatenet, P.; Deluchat, V.; Chazal, P. M.; Froissard, D.; Lens, P. N. L.; Baudu, M. Fate and forms of Cu in a reservoir What happens when sodium hydroxide is added to copper sulfate? Chemistry questions and answers. Rana, S. V.; Kumar, A. The more acidic the soil, less binding occurs. applications such as textiles, leather, wood, batteries, ink, petroleum, paint, and metal, among others. Do I need a thermal expansion tank if I already have a pressure tank? The reaction between sodium chloride and copper sulphate is a double displacement reaction which produces sodium sulphate and copper chloride as shown in the above reaction. Can you make a formula bottle with Pedialyte? 2016 Year-at-a-Glance. Change. Li, N.; Zhao, Y. L.; Yang, J. Accumulation, distribution, and toxicology of copper sulfate in juvenile giant freshwater prawns, Khangarot, B. S.; Das, S. Effects of copper on the egg development and hatching of a freshwater pulmonate snail. Is sodium nitrate a solid? Chemical reactions can result in a change in temperature. Warn about, and watch for, suck-back. Poortinga, E. W. Copper penny ingestion in a cat. Bradley, C. H. Copper poisoning in a dairy herd fed a mineral supplement. Linder, M. C.; Hazegh-Azam, M. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It is commonly used as a fungicide and for the preparation of a variety of other products. This is when two elements in a reaction swap places, one replacing the other. 2,000 loans totaling $133 million to businesses. Option 2B: Additional electrochemistry and the extraction of metals. These tests help scientists judge how How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? Explains that the law of mass conservation states that matter cannot be created or destroyed by chemical reactions or physical changed properties. Pimentel, J. C.; Marques, F. "Vineyard sprayer's lung": a new occupational disease. NaOH is a strong base while CuSO4 is an acidic salt. So, this reaction is a chemical change. Reported symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, copper sulfate is present and the length and frequency of exposure. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. To learn more Copper sulphate pentahydrate contain 5 moles of water per one mole of copper (II) sulphate. concentration, hens produced fewer eggs, consumed less feed, and developed ulcers in the gizzard and oral cavity. Disciplines and Occupations 5. . became less bioavailable over the 220 days of the experiment. In an experiment, 15.95 g of copper sulphate reacted with 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide to form 9.75 g of copper hydroxide and 14.2 g of sodium sulphate. All animals developed inflammation, copper deposits, and degenerative changes in Copper is an essential nutrient. A place where magic is studied and practiced? Copper sulfate and sodium carbonate physical or chemical change? Increased incidence of renal cell cancer has been associated with exposure to copper sulfate when used as a pesticide in vineyards. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Sodium hydroxide is represented by the chemical formula NaOH. Effects Of Copper Sulfate Lab Report. Residues may be anticipated Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. sulfate pentahydrate, and copper sulfate anhydrous. In an experiment, 15.95 g of copper sulphate reacted with 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide to form 9.75 g of copper hydroxide and 14.2 g of sodium sulphate. Add about 10-20 drops of . Copper (II) sulfate with NaOH and NH3. reference dose is typically measured in milligrams (mg) of chemical You will get a pale blue-green precipitate. Isotonic sodium sulphate-copper sulphate solutionMix 320 ml of 3 per cent sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO 4.10H 2 O) with 30 ml 7 per cent copper sulphate (CuSO 4.5H 2 O). Biological haematological and histological observations in copper poisoned rats. Arambasic, M. B.; Bjelic, S.; Subakov, G. Acute toxicity of heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc), phenol and sodium on. Women can also eliminate very small amounts of copper through menstruation In this experiment the water of crystallisation is removed from hydrated blue copper(II) sulfate. lower hematocrit, lower plasma copper, and increased copper liver content. Teacher Preparation. 4. What type of reaction occurs between copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions? See the text box on. What happens when you mix copper nitrate and sodium carbonate? Observation when calcium sulphate react with sodium hydroxide and caso4 react with excess naoh. Age, sex, pregnancy, hormone levels, and health conditions may affect them. Yes, as noted by @airhuff, there is not one but two reactions involving, one is formation of greenish-pale blue copper sulfate, $\ce{CuSO4}$ and other one is formation of black-brown copper(II) oxide $\ce{CuO}$. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Mastin, B. J.; Rodgers, J. J. H. Toxicity and Bioavailability of Copper Herbicides (Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and Copper Sulfate) to Blood samples can be evaluated for indicators of copper status. Where does this (supposedly) Gibson quote come from? This is a complicated reaction. Gilbert, R. W.; Sander, J. E.; Brown, T. P. Copper sulfate toxicosis in commercial laying hens. Kempson, I. M.; Skinner, W. M.; Kirkbride, K. P. The occurrence and incorporation of copper and zinc in hair and their potential role as

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