Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Merola et al. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Mortazavi et al. 2005;161:3314. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Part of Neurol Sci. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Clin Neurophysiol. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. 2012;35:32534. Correspondence to 2015;91:42634. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2004;23:20114. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Behav Brain Res. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Bioelectromagnetics. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Wang et al. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Sci Total Environ. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. 2006;398:2537. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. 2012;31:6774. Ning et al. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Singh et al. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. 1999;75:44756. 2014;70:84555. Brain Res Rev. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. J Med Food. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Radiat Res. Cite this article. PubMed Thus, Cosquer et al. Trends Neurosci. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Pathophysiology. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Megha et al. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Neurosci Lett. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Sanders AP, Joines WT. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. 1975;148:1723. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 2007;28:187380. 2010;28:445. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. [84] and Sharma et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Article Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. 2003;80:177. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. 2001;12:72931. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. PubMed In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Abe M, Bonini NM. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2005;161:52635. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. radiation with wavelengths. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Article MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Brain Res. 2015;148:150. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. . Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. P Nat Acad. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 2010;86:37683. & Hu, XJ. CAS Article 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Mil Med Sci. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. J Neuro-Oncol. 2003;11:346. 2013;42:428. Google Scholar. Synapse. Article Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 1984;4:285665. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. 2008;86:718. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Electromagn Biol Med. Behav Brain Res. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Dasdag et al. Exp Neurobiol. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. 2009;63:10106. 2013;17:711. 2003;14:2436. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. J Neuro. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. By using this website, you agree to our Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2011;343:5224. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. J Sleep Res. Google Scholar. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Int J Radiat Biol. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. 1999;4:102. Wang et al. 2010;1347:17985. CAS Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Google Scholar. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010;39:67594. Int J Radiat Biol. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Yale J Biol Med. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2008;22:9927. 2016;74:99107. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Iran J Public Health. 2017;38:106976. 1994;8:714. Biol Chem. 2011;18:32533. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Electromagn Biol Med. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. BMJ. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. 1994;15:95104. Terms and Conditions, Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. J Clin Oncol. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. 2010;2010. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. J Neurosci. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Google Scholar. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Behav Brain Res. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. PubMed Central Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. 2005;25:10190201. Acta Neurol Belg. Article In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system.

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