2.2.1.6. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. 59. b. dendrites. b. Rogers. 67. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. 133. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. a. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? 152. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. 33. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. c. client-centered c. neurotransmitters. Shonda responds by changing the subject. c. psychoanalytic theory. 161. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. d. fixation. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. See Figure 2.1 below. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. 143. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? d. synapses. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. c. superego. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. 82. a. psychodynamic Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. d. propositions. b. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. d. latent content. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. We must try to convert what we see into action. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. 37. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? d. catharsis. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 46. d. sociocultural. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. 153. a. humanistic Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. b. rationalization. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. 61. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. Is this correct? 28. 64. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. 106. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. b. exposure therapy. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? c. neurons. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? 146. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. d. cognitive-behavioral. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. What is learning and what forms does it take? A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 12. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. c. transference. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). 2.2.1.4. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? 49. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. a. 114. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Bacterial and viral infections. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Figure 2.9. 147. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? b. anal stage. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). 77. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! 36. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. 45. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. b. rationalization. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: 163. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. a. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. 2.3.1.3. You are doing your best. Track the accuracy of the thought. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. b. multicultural. b. 89. Observational learning. 103. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). d. create an ideal set of genes. Psychodynamic techniques. b. superego. 85. a. behavior-focused They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. 25. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. c. rationalization. 2.2.2.3. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. d. sociocultural. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. I know my grandmother used to. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? d. flight of ideas. 32. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . 87. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. 75. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. Which is an example of latent content? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. b. psychoanalysis. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. 112. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. d. lend itself easily to research. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? 2.3.1.5. Genetic issues and explanations. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. 134. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. 23. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? How so? This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. Which would be a part of your paradigm? We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. List and describe the models of abnormality. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. 24. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. The response re-emerges. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. That is the idea, at least. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. d. past traumatic experiences. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016).

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