Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. //]]>. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Corrections? As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. [2][3]. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Update now. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. View original page. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Inventions The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. 12 talking about this. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. ", Dai, Yingcong. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. 22 Feb. 2023 . _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Grandmother. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Encyclopedia.com. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. #ga-ad {display: none;} In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. . Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. XIX Century Civil Wars. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. . "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Szczepanski, Kallie. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Szczepanski, Kallie. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Chien-lung The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. [6] Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. . "White Lotus Rebellion id This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable.

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